Joints

Question 1

Name and describe the three functional classifications of joints.

Answer 1

1. Syn-arthrosis - immoveable (skull)
2. Amph-iarthrosis - slightly moveablee (joints between vertebrae)
3. Di-arthrosis - freely moveable (knee, hip and elbow joint)

Question 2

Name and describe the three types of fibrous joints. Give an example of each.

Answer 2

1. Suture - occurs ONLY between bones of the skull
   
   • starts off as fontanel and then becomes synostosis (fuses to create the frontal bone)
2. Syndesmosis - Joint held together by a ligament (longer than sutures) , less moveable then ulna and radius
3. Gomphosis- only in articulation between tooth and socket

Question 3

Name and describe the two types of cartilaginous joints. Give an example of each.

Answer 3

1. Synchondrosis - articulating bones connected by HYALINE cartilage (SYN-ARTHOSES)
   - – epiphyseal plates, costal cartilages
2. Symphysis - Articulaing surfaces united by fibrocartilage (SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE)

Question 4

Describe the location and general composition of each of the structures found in a
typical synovial joint (i.e., articular cartilage, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane,
synovial fluid, articular discs, & ligaments).

Answer 4

Articular Cartilage - covers articulating bones in the joint (prevents friction of bones, shock absorber)

just go look at the study guide

Question 5

In A&P lab you are learning to identify a number of ligaments, some of which are
capsular ligaments (i.e., thickened parts of the fibrous layer of a joint capsule) and others
of which are intracapsular or extracapsular ligaments. Classify the ligaments you are
learning as intrinsic intracapsular or extracapsular ligaments:
coracohumeral ligament iliofemoral ligament
glenohumeral ligament pubofemoral ligament
coracoacromial ligament ischiofemoral ligament
acromioclavicular ligament tibial collateral ligament
coracoclavicular ligament fibular collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament

Answer 5

Capsular ligaments - illofemoral , ischiofemoral, pubofemoral , coracoligament

extra capsular - tibial collateral ligament . fibula collateral ligament

intracapsular - ACL, PCL

Question 6

The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint and hip joint are the only ball-and-socket joints in the 
body and they are the only joints which contain a labrum.  Describe the glenoid and 
acetabular labrum.  Which of these is more effective at stabilizing its joint?

Answer 6

The hip is more stable because of the acetabulum and muscles. The acetabulum strengthen and deepens the hip socket . the shoulder relies on surrounding muscles to be stable.

Question 7

Describe the structure and function of bursae and tendon sheaths.

Answer 7

Sacs that are lined with synovial membrane

Bursa - flattened fibrous sac
– allows soft tissue to travel across bony surfaces w/o body injury , shock absorber

Tendon Sheath

• cylindrical fibrous sac
• located in placed where tendons can be exposed to friction and wear

Question 8

What structures and materials protect the bones in the articulation of a synovial joint?

Answer 8

articular capsule

Question 9

How are joint stability and range of motion related?

Answer 9

a joint cannot be both highly mobile and ver stable @ the same time

Question 10

What factors affect the stability and range of motion at a synovial joint ?

Answer 10

1. Shape of articular bone surfaces
2. Number and length of the joint ligaments
3. Arrangement of muscles around the joint
4. Prescence of other structures around the joints (fat pads)

Question 11

Name the three cardinal planes and the axis of rotation associated with each.

Answer 11

sagittal plane , coronal plane , transverse plane

• sagittal plane occur around a frontal axis
• frontal plane occur around a sagittal axis
• transverse plane occur around a vertical axis

Question 12

Explain the difference in movement capability between nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and
multiaxial joints. Give an example of each type of joint.

Answer 12

non axial - slipping movements (no axis of rotations)

uniaxial - movement in one plane (one axis)

biaxial - movement in two planes (two axes)

multiaxial - movement in or around all three planes (three axises)

Question 13

Three general types of movements are possible at synovial joints: gliding movements,
angular movements, and rotational movements. Describe each type of movement and
give at least one example of a joint at which this type of movement occurs.

Answer 13

Gliding - when one flat/almost flat bone glides linearly over a bone w/ a complimentary surface
(ankle, wrist and spine)

Angular - changes the angle between bones @ a joint (flexion)

Rotational - Only occurs in a transverse plane (shoulder)

Question 14

Compare and contrast osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and gouty
arthritis (i.e., gout).

Answer 14

osteoarthritis (OA) - MOST COMMON FORM
*wear and tear arthritis (likelihood increases with age) *

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)- autoimmune disease , affect women more than men (three times more) , age 40-50 y/o most likely

gouty arthritis (i.e., gout)- Develops because of uric acid cysts that deposit in a joint and destroy the joint

Question 15

Describe the four things that are assessed during the physical examination (inspection and palpation)
of the joints.

Answer 15

INSPECTION

1. symmetry
2. bony deformities
3. inflammation
4. alignment
   - – sociloisis, lordosis, kyphosis

PALPATION
1. nodes (calcified spurs of cartilage)
inflammation in knuckles
Heberdeen’s

Bouchard’s

Question 16

Describe normal/abnormal spinal assessment findings.

Answer 16

sociloisis, lordosis, kyphosis

Question 17

Describe the terminology and types of range of motion of the major joints.

Answer 17

1. flexion/extension
2. rotation
3. abduction/adduction
4. pronation/supination
5. inversion/eversion

Question 18

Why does a contracture develop? How is it prevented?

Answer 18

inactivity and scaring from an injury or burn