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MSK 2 > The Integument > Flashcards

The Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

integument (15-20% body weight)

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2
Q

What is the function of integument?

A

protection: physical, chemical, and biological
sensation and excretion
thermoregulation
synthesis of vitamin D3

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3
Q

parts of integument

A

epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

What is hypodermis?

A

subcutaneous fascia

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5
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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6
Q

What are the 4-5 layers of the epidermis?

A 
statum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
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7
Q

What types of cells are in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes
melanocytes
merkel cells
langerhans cells

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8
Q

Where is thick skin located?

A

palms and soles

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9
Q

Describe thick skin

A 
five layers (with stratum lucidum)
400-1400 mM
fingerprints
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10
Q

where is thin skin?

A

widespread on body

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11
Q

describe thin skin

A

four layers (without stratum lucidum)
75-150 mM
glands and hair follicles

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12
Q

stratum basale

A

single-layer of keratinocytes with stem cells interspersed

mitotically active, cuboidal/low columnar cells

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13
Q

Where is melanin located?

A

stratum basale

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14
Q

stratum basale is bound apically by ___

A

desmosomes

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15
Q

stratum basale is bound basally by ___

A

hemidesmosomes

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16
Q

stratum spinosum is ___ layers thick

A

several

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17
Q

What does stratum spinosum contain?

A

polyhedral keratinocytes with spiny processes

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18
Q

What layer of epidermis produces corns and callouses?

A

stratum spinosum

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19
Q

How are callouses produced?

A

stratum spinosum thickens with pressure

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20
Q

What is the thickest layer of non-keratinized portion of epidermis?

A

stratum granulosum

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21
Q

What do keratinocytes contain?

A

keratohyalin granules

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22
Q

keratohyalin granules contain ___ making them ___

A

cystine and histadine rich proteins, basophilic

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23
Q

describe stratum granulosum

A

irregularly shaped, variable in size

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24
Q

describe the cells in stratum corneum

A

anucleate, lose nucleus and organelles

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25
Q

What is plentiful in stratum corneum of epidermis?

A

mature keratin

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26
Q

What layer of the epidermis creates the water barrier?

A

stratum corneum

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27
Q

What makes the stratum corneum water resistant?

A

plasma membrane coated with EC layer of lipids

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28
Q

What is the number of layers of stratum corneum in thin and thick skin?

A

thin: 10-20 layers
thick: 15-40 layers

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29
Q

Where is stratum lucidum found?

A

thick skin

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30
Q

describe stratum lucidum cells

A

no organelles or nuclei

typically poorly stained, translucent band of cells

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31
Q

What is the predominant cell type in the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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32
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes?

A

produce keratins and participate in the epidermal water barrier

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33
Q

cornified cell

A

full of keratin

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34
Q

tonofibrils

A

bundles of basal cells that synthesize intermediate (keratin) filaments

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35
Q

spinous cell

A

keratin synthesis continues, begin synthesis of keratohyalin granules and glycolipid-containing lamellar bodies

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36
Q

granular cells

A

discharge lamellar bodies –> water barrier

keratohyalin granules with filaggrin are present

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37
Q

filaggrin

A

promotes aggregation of keratin filaments into tonofibrils

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38
Q

keratinozation and desquamation

A

process of cell from basal cell to spinous cell to granular cells

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39
Q

What is epidermal cell replacement initiated by?

A

division of stem cells in the stratum basale

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40
Q

Where do new epidermal cells undergo divisions?

A

stratum basale

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41
Q

What is the embryology origin of melanocytes?

A

neural crest cells

42
Q

Where are melanocytes?

A

scattered along stratum basale

43
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes

44
Q

What is melanin?

A

pigment protein that protects nuclei from UV radiation

45
Q

epidermal-melanin unit

A

one melanocyte maintains an association with a specific number of keratinocytes (1:36)

46
Q

melanin production

A

oxidation of tyrosine to DOPA by tyrosinase

DOPA polymerized to melanin

47
Q

tyrosinase is ___ sensitive

A

UV

48
Q

premelanosomes

A

melanin production reactions in membrane bound organelles

49
Q

as more melanin is produced, what do premelanosomes turn into?

A

melanosomes

50
Q

pigment donation

A

melanin is transferred from melanosomes to keratinocytes by phagocytosis

51
Q

langerhans cells

A

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that provide defense against pathogens

52
Q

Where do Langerhans cells develop from?

A

monocyte precursor

53
Q

Where are Langerhans cells identifiable?

A

stratum spinosum

54
Q

Merkel cell function

A

cutaneous sensation, acute sensory perception (fingertips)

55
Q

Where do Merkel cells reside?

A

statum basale

56
Q

What are Merkel cells associated with?

A

nerve endings

57
Q

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC)

A

rare, but highly aggressive form of skin cancer that happens when Merkel cells undergo uncontrolled proliferation

58
Q

What do Langerhans cells activate? Where?

A

T-lymphocytes at lymph nodes

59
Q

dermal-epidermal junction

A

uneven boundary with finer-like dermal papillae projecting into epidermis complemented by epidermal protrusions called epidermal (rete) ridges

60
Q

under what condition does the dermal-epidermal junction increase in size?

A

sites of mechanical stress

61
Q

What provides a tight interface at the dermal-epidermal junction? What other junctions are present?

A

hemidesmosomes, focal adhesions

62
Q

describe papillary layer of the dermis. where is it located?

A

loose CT immediately beneath epidermis

63
Q

What are the contents of papillary layer of epidermis?

A

thinner collagen fibers, elastic fibers
dermal papilla and ridges
vasculature and nerve endings

64
Q

describe the reticular layer of the dermis

A

deep to papillary layer

thicker and less cellular

65
Q

what does the reticular layer of the dermis contain?

A

thick, irregular bundles of type I collagen and coarse elastic fibers

66
Q

Langer’s line

A

regular lines of tension in reticular layer of epidermis

67
Q

What is the function of hypodermis?

A

energy storage site, insulation

68
Q

What type of tissue is in hypodermis?

A

adipose tissue

69
Q

Messiner’s corpuscle

A

touch receptors responsive to low-frequency stimuli

70
Q

where are Messiner’s corpuscle located

A

dermal papillae just beneath epidermis

71
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

large ovoid structures found in the deeper dermis and hypodermis

72
Q

function of Pacinian corpuscle

A

detect pressure or vibration

73
Q

where are Pacinian corpuscle found?

A

fingertips, joints, periosteum, and internal organs

74
Q

free nerve endings

A

lack CT and terminate in the stratum granulosum

75
Q

function of free nerve endings

A

fine touch, heat, cold, and pain, mechanoreceptors for hair movement

76
Q

merocrine (eccrine)

A

secretion is delivered in membrane-bound vesicle to apical surface and undergo exocytosis

77
Q

holocrine

A

secretion accumulates within cell. apoptosis secretion and cell debris are released

78
Q

apocrine

A

release of the apical portion of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm within a plasma membrane

79
Q

subaceous glands

A

several glands per follicle

produce a lipid mixture

80
Q

sebum

A

lipid mixture produced by sebaceous glands, waxy mixture of triglycerides and cholesterol to lubricate and waterproof skin

81
Q

pilosebaceous canal

A

formed when sebum is discharged from the sebaceous gland to the infundibulum (hair follicle)

82
Q

where are sebaceous glands abundant?

A

face and scalp

83
Q

sweat (sudoriferous) gland types

A

eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine

84
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat gland

A

coiled glands distributed over the entire body surface except lips and external genitalia

85
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axilla, areola, nipple, skin around the anus, external genitalia
ceruminous glands of ear canal

86
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

facilitate expulsion of secretions in sweat glands

87
Q

eccrine sweat gland function

A

temperature regulation

88
Q

what type of secretion does apocrine sweat glands use? what is the secreted substance made of?

A

merocrine
protein, carbohydrate, and ammonia rich secretion
odorless until mixed with bacteria

89
Q

infundibulum of hair follicles

A

extends from surface opening to the opening of its sebaceous gland

90
Q

follicular bulge of hair follicles

A

near insertion of the arrector pili m contains epidermal stem cells

91
Q

bulb of hair follicle

A

expanded inferior segment invaginated by vascularized loose CT

92
Q

dermal papilla

A

vascularized loose CT

93
Q

hair matrix

A

consists of matrix cells

94
Q

matrix cells

A

rapidly dividing/differentiating cells that account for hair growth

95
Q

medulla of hair shaft

A

central part of the shaft

column of large, loosely connected keratinized cells

96
Q

cortex of hair shaft

A

largest layer located outside medulla

cells filled with hard keratin intermediate fillaments

97
Q

cuticle of hair shaft

A

outermost layer consisting of several layers of overlapping, keratinized squamous cells

98
Q

nails

A

highly keratinized cells on a bed of epidermis

99
Q

nail root

A

most proximal region, covers the nail matrix

100
Q

nail matrix

A

stem cells divide and form keratinocytes
nail plate remains attached to nail bed
pushed forward by continuous growth

101
Q

lanula

A

crescent-shaped white area near nail matrix

102
Q

cuticle

A

extension of skin covering nail root

MSK 2 (15 decks)

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