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MSK 2 > Bone Histology > Flashcards

Bone Histology Flashcards

1
Q

bone

A

specialized CT that provides support and protection

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2
Q

what is bone made of?

A

mineralized matrix (hard tissue)
calcium phosphate as hydrocyapatite crystals
type I collagen
proteoglycans, glycoproteins, vitamin K-dependent proteins

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3
Q

lacunae

A

matrix openings that houses osteocytes

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4
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells embedded in bone matrix

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5
Q

what do osteocytes do?

A

maintain matrix, communicate with osteoblasts to increase deposition of bone matrix

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6
Q

osteoprogenitors

A

mesenchymal cells that produce osteoblasts

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7
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that produce osteoid

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8
Q

osteoid

A

non-mineralized organic matrix

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9
Q

compace (dense) bone

A

solid and relatively dense
external surfaces of long and flat bones
encloses spongy bone
lamellar

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10
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone

A 
trabecular bone
contains trabeculae, open lattice of narrow plates
internal layer of bone
porous to house bone marrow
can be lamellar or woven
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11
Q

epiphysis

A

knoby regions at the ends of bone
compact bone superficial, spongy bone deep
contains epiphyseal plate

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

elongated shaft

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13
Q

metaphysis

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis

spongy bone

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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

within metaphysis, epiphyseal plate has fused

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15
Q

medullary cavity

A

cylindrical space in diaphysis containing bone marrow

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16
Q

periosteum

A

dense irregular CT covering external surface
does not cover articular cartilages
neurovascular
anchored by perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix

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17
Q

where are osteoblasts contained?

A

periosteum

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18
Q

endosteum

A

Ct lining of medullary cavity

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19
Q

what does the endosteum contain?

A

osteoprogenitor cells, reticular cells of bone marrow, CT fibers

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20
Q

periosteum inner layer

A

osteoprogenitor cells located next to mature bone

retain potential for bone injury and repair

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21
Q

periosteum outer layer

A

rich in vasculature
fibroblasts and collagen fibers
sharpey’s fibers

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22
Q

sharpey’s fibers

A

anchor to outer circumfrential lamellae in outer layer of periosteum

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23
Q

osteon

A

cylindrical structures that comprise mature bone

24
Q

osteon runs ___ to the diaphysis and consists of ____

A

parallel, concentric lamellae

25
Q

concentric lamellae

A

bone matrix surrounding a osteonal (Haversian) canal

26
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

remnants of previous concentric lamellae

27
Q

circumfrential lamellae

A

line inner and outer circumfrences of the diaphysis

28
Q

osteonal (Haversian) canal

A

carries blood vessels and nerves

29
Q

perforating (Volkmann’s) canal

A

channels used by vasculature to travel from peri- and endosteal surfaces to osteonal canal

30
Q

canaliculi

A

tiny channels between lacunae that allow interactions between osteocytes

31
Q

trabeculae

A

open lattice of narrow lamellar plates

32
Q

nonlamellar bone

A

immature or primary usually replaced by lamellar bone characterized by loose arrangements of collagen fibers
lower mineral content, more cells
forms during fracture repair and remodeling

33
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bones develop from mesenchyme precursors

34
Q

bones using intramembranous ossification

A

flat bones of the skull
some of the facial bones
mandible
central part of clavicle

35
Q

endochondral ossification

A

begins with hyaline cartilage model

36
Q

bones using endochondral ossification

A

bones of extremities
pectoral and pelvic girdles
pelvis, vertebrae, ends of clavicle

37
Q

steps to endochondral ossification

A
  1. formation of cartilage model
  2. periosteal collar of bone forms around diaphysis of cartilage
  3. cartilaginous matrix calcifies
  4. blood vessels and CT cells erode and invade creating a primitive bone marrow cavity
  5. primary ossification center
  6. blood vessels and perivascular cells invade the proximal epiphyseal cartilage
  7. secondary center of ossification established
  8. epiphyseal ossification at distal end
  9. epiphyseal cartilage disappears
  10. proximal epiphyseal cartilage disappears
38
Q

zone of reserve cartillage

A

no active matrix production

39
Q

zone of proliferation

A

cartilage cells undergo divisions and organizes into distinct columns

40
Q

zone of hypertrophy

A

greatly enlarged chondrocytes, clear cytoplasm, secrete factors that initiate vascular invasion

41
Q

zone of calcified cartilage

A

hypertrophied cells begin to degenerate and cartilage matrix becomes calcified
initial scaffold for deposition of new bone

42
Q

zone of resorption

A

nearest the diaphysis
calcified cartilage is in direct contact with marrow cavity
blood vessels and osteoprogenitors invade the region
osteoprogenitor cells will differentiate into osteoblasts

43
Q

resorption cavity

A

tunnel-like space created by osteoclasts, will have dimensions of new osteon

44
Q

bone-remodeling unit

A

osteoclast resorption + osteoblast synthesis

45
Q

parts of bone-remodeling unit

A

cutting zone and closing zone

46
Q

direct (primary) bone healing

A

fractured bone is surgically stabilized with compression plates, restriction of movement btwn fractured fragments

47
Q

indirect (secondary) bone healing

A

involves responses from periosteum and surrounding soft tissues
requires endochondral and intramembranous ossification
occurs in fractures that are treated with non-rigid or semi-rigid bone fixation (cast, braces)

48
Q

achondroplasia

A 
autosomal dominant syndrome, mutation FGFR3
most common form of dwarfism
shortening of long bone
small midface (defects in cranial base)
altered spinal curvature
49
Q

osteomalacia

A

progressive softening and bending of bone

defect resulting in decreased mineralization of osteoid

50
Q

what is osteomalacia caused by?

A

dietary vitamin D deficiency
lack of sun exposure
GI disease

51
Q

signs and symptoms of osteomalacia

A 
bone and joint pain
muscle weakness
fracture
difficulty walking and waddling gait
muscle spasms and cramps
52
Q

rickets

A

defect in mineralization of cartilage in growth plate

vitamin D deficiency, decreased absorption of calcium, phosphorus from bowels

53
Q

calcipenic rickets

A

caused by Ca2+ deficiency, intake, or absorption of calcium in the setting of normal vitamin D levels

54
Q

signs of rickets

A

delayed closure of fontanelles
parietal and frontal bossing
craniotabes (soft skull bones)
widening of the wrist and bowing of the distal radius and ulna
progressive lateral bowing of the femur and tibia

55
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass and increased fragility
loses ability to produce organic matrix (collagen)
loss of Ca2+ and other bone salts

56
Q

osteoporosis occurs most commonly in ___

A

elderly and postmenopausal females

57
Q

clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

A

none until there is fracture

MSK 2 (15 decks)

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