the information in a human genome Flashcards
briefly explain the human genome project
1990-2003 - spearheaded by Dr Jerry Harrison with 20 volunteers
research on the genetic blueprint to find the base pair that makeup the human DNA
human genome that contains the overall specifications and instructions of the gene of human body
funded by the govt
only arnd 90% is discovered
it is the study of the inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission
genetics
it considers how people are related and where their ancestors lived, using and comparing information from DNA sequences and evidence (example)
genetic genealogy
(old photographs, documents, maps, family storied and memories)
the transmission of of traits and biological information between generations
heredity
briefly explain genes
units of heredity
copies are passed from one generation to the next
tells cells how to manufacture proteins
long molecule DNA
Briefly explain DNA
biochemical that makes up the genes
found in the nucleus
nucleotides are the building blocks
- nitrogen containing base
-phosphate group
- sugar molecule
The complete set of genetic instructions characteristic of an organism, including protein-encoding genes and other DNA sequences
Genome
Briefly explain exome
encodes the protein
responsible for the aspects of health, unique
20,325 genes, 85% genetic disease
23 chromosomes
It is a field that analyzes and compare genomes of different species
Genomics
It addressed concerns that arise from the use of genetic technologies (includes)
Bioethics (tests, treatments, privacy and discrimination)
Briefly explain the level of genetics
Begins at molecular level
Cells
Tissue
Organs
Individuals
Families
Population
Those are the evolution of species
It resembeles a spiral stair case or a double helix
DNA
what do the “rails”/ backbone consist of
alternating chemical groups:
phosphate
sugar
they are the same in all DNA molecules
it is genetic information flows only in one direction (what is the direction)
central dogma
(DNA > RNA > PROTEIN)
(RNA directly to PROTEIN)
transcription is aka
gene expression
chains of the double helix untwist and separate and then each half build a new partner chain from free DNA bases
repliaction
it copies the sequence of one strand of DNA molecule into a related type of molecule, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
transcription
transcription involves what type of base
the fifth type of base called uracil
it is the opposite of transcription from RNA to DNA
reverse transcription
each 3 RNA bases in a row attach another type of RNA that functions as a connector, bringing in a particular amino acid. the amino acid aligns and link snap beads, forming a protein
translation
briefly explain
replication:
transcription:
reverse transcription:
translation:
replication: copying of dna
transcription: dna - rna
reverse transcription: rna - dna
translation: rna - proteins
briefly explain mutation (example)
change in genes
can have an effect at the whole person level = cause disease
(the gene encoding CFTR protein, causing cystic fibrosis when in a variant form)
the same protein-encoding gene may vary slightly in DNA base sequence from person to person
alleles
the dna sequence of the human genome are grouped of how many chromosomes
23
