meiosis, development and aging Flashcards

1
Q

First cell that leads to development of a new individual is a fertilized ovum.

A

zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Zygote is formed when a sperm cell forms a male and an oocyte (also called an egg cell) from a female join.

A

fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

they are produced in the reproductive system

A

gametes
- oocyte
- sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

each reproductive have…

A

pair structures called gonads
tabular structures:
male - vas deferens
female - fallopian tube
hormones and secretion tht control the reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The seminiferous tubules are packed into paired, oval organs.

A

testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

it bends behind the bladder and joins the urethra

A

ductus deferens
vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

it is a tube that carries the sperm and urine out of the body through the penis

A

urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many does the penis ejaculates and delivers

A

200 to 600 million sperm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Female sex cells develop in paired organs in the abdomen.

A

ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Once a month, one ovary releases the most mature oocyte.

A

puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

muscular saclike organ

A

uterus or womb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

uterine tubes

A

aka fallopian tube
cilia sweeps the mature oocyte into the fingerlike projections of one of 2 uterine
carries oocyte inot the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A genetically overlord cell with more than 2 sets of chromosomes.

A

polypoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 2 division of genetic material

A

reduction division (meiosis I)
- reduces the no. of replicated chromosomes from 46 to 23

equational division (meiosis II
- produces 4 cells from the 2 cells formed in the first division by splitting the replicated chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The formation of sperm cells begins in diploid stem cells called a spermatogonium.

A

spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why does the gametes of older people are more likely to have new mutations (that is, not inherited mutations) than the gametes of younger people

A

this happens because the cells go through more divisions and can accumulate more mistakes over time

17
Q

briefly explain the “paternal age effect” usually causes dominant single-gene diseases.

A

This refers to the fact that older fathers are more likely to pass on new mutations to their children, especially in genes that cause dominant single-gene diseases.

These are diseases where just one copy of a mutated gene (from one parent) is enough to cause the condition. This happens because sperm cells in older men divide more often, leading to mutations.

18
Q

parental development

A

index card

19
Q

Result from the fertilization of two separate
eggs with two different sperm during the
same pregnancy.

A

fraternal twins aka dizygotic twins

20
Q

a rare situation where two eggs from the same woman are fertilized by sperm from two different men during the same ovulation cycle. This happens when a woman releases two eggs and has sexual intercourse with two different men within a short period of time. As a result, she can become pregnant with twins that have different fathers.

A

Heteropaternal superfecundation

21
Q

how many days can a sperm and oocyte survive in a woman’s body

A

sperm - up to 3 days
oocyte - can be fertilized for the next 12 to 24 hours after ovulation (release of an egg cell)

22
Q

a process that chemically activates the sperm and the oocytes secrete a chemical that attracts the sperm

A

capacitation

23
Q

a week after fertilization, it nestles into the uterine lining

A

implantation

24
Q

after implantation, the outermost cells of the blastocyst is called? which secretes?

A

trophoblast
secretes hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

25
human chorionic gonadotropin
a hormone that prevents mensuration defected in a woman's urine or blood is one sign of pregnancy
26
the cells that form the layers of the primordial embryo
primary germ layers
27
it is a stages of Primordial embryo which forms 3 layered curved, sandwich-like structure.
gastrula
28
Listing structures involved in embryonic development
● Chorionic villi: Projections from the chorion that help form the placenta ● Placenta: Organ that develops during pregnancy to nourish the fetus ● Yolk sac: Provides early nourishment to the embryo ● Allantois: Helps in early blood formation and becomes part of the umbilical cord ● Umbilical cord: Connects the fetus to the placenta ● Amniotic sac: Fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the developing embryo/fetus
29
true or false: stem cells from umbilical cords can be manipulates to obtain and grow almost any cell type
true
30
what are the 2 supportive structure develop during pregnancy that provide material for prenatal tests
Chorionic villus sampling Amniocentesis
31
what is the difference between fraternal twins and identical twins
identical twins come from the same egg and have identical DNA, while fraternal twins come from two different eggs and have different DNA like any other siblings.
32
fraternal twins - identical twins -
fraternal twins - dizygotic (DZ) identical twins - monozygotic (MZ) - natural twins
33
Genes related to these functions can affect longevity control
○ Immune system functioning ○ Insulin secretion and glucose metabolism ○ Response to stress ○ The cell cycle ○ DNA repair ○ Lipid (including cholesterol) metabolism ○ Nutrient metabolism ○ Production of antioxidant enzymes