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2024 SEM 1 CYTOGENETICS > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

1
Q

briefly explain the 4 types of tissue
function / location/ description

A

index card

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2
Q

it performs specific function

A

organelles

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3
Q

it is essential for protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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4
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

index card

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5
Q

what are the 4 major macromolecules

A

carbohydrates (sugar and starches)
lipids (fats and oils)
proteins
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)

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6
Q

it enables a cell to retain as well as to use its genetic instruction to secrete substance, dismantle debris and acquire energy

A

organelles

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7
Q

the most prominent organelle of most cells

A

nucleus

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8
Q

inside the nucleus is an area that appears darkened under a microscope called a

A

nucleolus
aka little nucleus

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9
Q

this is where ribosomes are produced

A

nucleolus

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10
Q

how many does the body include specialized or differentiated cell types

A

include more than 290 specialized or differentiated cell types

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11
Q

it is the release of a substance from a cell

A

secretion

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12
Q

how does the process of secretion begin (example)

A

it begins when the body sends a biochemical message to a cell to begin producing the substance
(when a newborn sucks mum’s boobies, her brain releases hormones that signals cells in her breast to rapidly release more)

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13
Q

most protein synthesis occurs on a maze of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs

A

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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14
Q

difference between smooth ER and rough ER

A

rough ER:
site of protein synthesis
helps protein start folding
acts as quality control, discarding misfolded proteins

smooth ER:
make lipids
adds lipids to proteins from rough ER

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15
Q

true or false:
lipids are exported without a vesicle, because vesicle itself made of lipid

A

true

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16
Q

this organelle looks like a stack of pancakes

A

golgi apparatus

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17
Q

it is a network of tubules and sacs in the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum
* it starts near the nucleus and extend outwards

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18
Q

they are small, membrane-bounded sacs

A

vesicles

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19
Q

how are vesicles formed

A

by pinching off from the ER or golgi appratus

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20
Q

functions of vesicles

A

transport materials withing and out of the cell
carry proteins and other molecules to their destination

21
Q

golgi apparatus is a processing center for

A

proteins and lipids

22
Q

what are the functions of golgi apparatus

A

make sugars (lactose in milk)
attaches sugars to proteins and lipids
helps proteins finish folding
sorts and packages molecules for transport/ secretion

23
Q

true or false:
secretory cells may have hundreds of golgi apparatuses

A

true

24
Q

a type of transport of molecules between cells, in contrast to within the cells, uses vesicles

A

exosomes

25
Q

what is the diameter of exosomes

A

30 to 100 nanometers (billionths of a mete)

26
Q

what do the exosomes transport

A

proteins, lipids and RNA between cells

27
Q

they bud off from one cell and merge with another

A

exosomes

28
Q

what are the function of exosomes

A

remove cellular debris
transport immune system molecules
facilitate cell to cell communication

29
Q

they are membrane-bounded sacs that contain enzymes that dismantle bacterial remnants, worn out organelles and other materials such as excess cholesterol

A

lysosomes

30
Q

the cell’s disposing of its own trash

A

autophagy

31
Q

it fuse with vesicles carrying debris from outside or within the cell, and the lysosomal enzymes then degrade the contents

A

lysosomes

32
Q

how many digestive enzymes do all lysosomes contain

A

43 types which must be maintained in balance

33
Q

what happens if one of the digestive enzymes o lysosomes is absent or malfunction (example)

A

lysosomal storage disease
(tay-sachs disease)

34
Q

they are sacs with single outer membranes that are studded with several types of proteins and that house enzymes that perform a variety of functions

A

peroxisomes

35
Q

briefly explain the enzymes catalyze reactions

A

that break down certain lipids and rare biochemicals
synthesize bile acids
detoxify compounds that result from exposure to O2 free radicals

36
Q

an example of genetic disease caused by an absent peroxisomal enzyme

A

adrenoleukodystrophy

  • a type of lipid called a very long chain fatty acids builds up in the brain and spinal cord
37
Q

it provides energy by breaking the chemical bonds that held tgt the nutrient molecules in food

A

mitochondria

38
Q

phospholipid has how many layer of molecules

A

2

39
Q

it is a series of molecules that are part of the plasma membrane form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward, where yet other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response

A

signal transduction

40
Q

the plasma membrane helps cell attach to certain other cells. these cell-to-cell connections are important in forming tissues

A

cellular adhesion

41
Q

it is a meshwork or protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall 3-D shapes

A

cytoskeleton

42
Q

what are the 3 major types of elements

A

microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

43
Q

they are long, thin rods composed of many molecules of the protein actin

A

microfilaments

44
Q

they are solid and narrower than microtubules, enables cells to withstand stretching and compression and help anchor one cell to another

A

microfilaments

45
Q

how does cells interact

A

sending
receiving
responding to information

*include more than 290 specialized cells

46
Q

somatic cells -
germ cells -

A

somatic cells -
body cell
2 copies of the genome = diploid

germ cells -
sperm and egg cells
1 copy of the genome = haploid

47
Q

these are the 3 basic types of cells that define 3 major “domains” of life

A

archaea
bacteria
eukarya

48
Q
A

2024 SEM 1 CYTOGENETICS (11 decks)

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