cells Flashcards
briefly explain the 4 types of tissue
function / location/ description
index card
it performs specific function
organelles
it is essential for protein synthesis
ribosomes
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
index card
what are the 4 major macromolecules
carbohydrates (sugar and starches)
lipids (fats and oils)
proteins
nucleic acid (DNA and RNA)
it enables a cell to retain as well as to use its genetic instruction to secrete substance, dismantle debris and acquire energy
organelles
the most prominent organelle of most cells
nucleus
inside the nucleus is an area that appears darkened under a microscope called a
nucleolus
aka little nucleus
this is where ribosomes are produced
nucleolus
how many does the body include specialized or differentiated cell types
include more than 290 specialized or differentiated cell types
it is the release of a substance from a cell
secretion
how does the process of secretion begin (example)
it begins when the body sends a biochemical message to a cell to begin producing the substance
(when a newborn sucks mum’s boobies, her brain releases hormones that signals cells in her breast to rapidly release more)
most protein synthesis occurs on a maze of interconnected membranous tubules and sacs
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
difference between smooth ER and rough ER
rough ER:
site of protein synthesis
helps protein start folding
acts as quality control, discarding misfolded proteins
smooth ER:
make lipids
adds lipids to proteins from rough ER
true or false:
lipids are exported without a vesicle, because vesicle itself made of lipid
true
this organelle looks like a stack of pancakes
golgi apparatus
it is a network of tubules and sacs in the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
* it starts near the nucleus and extend outwards
they are small, membrane-bounded sacs
vesicles
how are vesicles formed
by pinching off from the ER or golgi appratus
functions of vesicles
transport materials withing and out of the cell
carry proteins and other molecules to their destination
golgi apparatus is a processing center for
proteins and lipids
what are the functions of golgi apparatus
make sugars (lactose in milk)
attaches sugars to proteins and lipids
helps proteins finish folding
sorts and packages molecules for transport/ secretion
true or false:
secretory cells may have hundreds of golgi apparatuses
true
a type of transport of molecules between cells, in contrast to within the cells, uses vesicles
exosomes
what is the diameter of exosomes
30 to 100 nanometers (billionths of a mete)
what do the exosomes transport
proteins, lipids and RNA between cells
they bud off from one cell and merge with another
exosomes
what are the function of exosomes
remove cellular debris
transport immune system molecules
facilitate cell to cell communication
they are membrane-bounded sacs that contain enzymes that dismantle bacterial remnants, worn out organelles and other materials such as excess cholesterol
lysosomes
the cell’s disposing of its own trash
autophagy
it fuse with vesicles carrying debris from outside or within the cell, and the lysosomal enzymes then degrade the contents
lysosomes
how many digestive enzymes do all lysosomes contain
43 types which must be maintained in balance
what happens if one of the digestive enzymes o lysosomes is absent or malfunction (example)
lysosomal storage disease
(tay-sachs disease)
they are sacs with single outer membranes that are studded with several types of proteins and that house enzymes that perform a variety of functions
peroxisomes
briefly explain the enzymes catalyze reactions
that break down certain lipids and rare biochemicals
synthesize bile acids
detoxify compounds that result from exposure to O2 free radicals
an example of genetic disease caused by an absent peroxisomal enzyme
adrenoleukodystrophy
- a type of lipid called a very long chain fatty acids builds up in the brain and spinal cord
it provides energy by breaking the chemical bonds that held tgt the nutrient molecules in food
mitochondria
phospholipid has how many layer of molecules
2
it is a series of molecules that are part of the plasma membrane form pathways that detect signals from outside the cell and transmit them inward, where yet other molecules orchestrate the cell’s response
signal transduction
the plasma membrane helps cell attach to certain other cells. these cell-to-cell connections are important in forming tissues
cellular adhesion
it is a meshwork or protein rods and tubules that serves as the cell’s architecture, positioning organelles and providing overall 3-D shapes
cytoskeleton
what are the 3 major types of elements
microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
they are long, thin rods composed of many molecules of the protein actin
microfilaments
they are solid and narrower than microtubules, enables cells to withstand stretching and compression and help anchor one cell to another
microfilaments
how does cells interact
sending
receiving
responding to information
*include more than 290 specialized cells
somatic cells -
germ cells -
somatic cells -
body cell
2 copies of the genome = diploid
germ cells -
sperm and egg cells
1 copy of the genome = haploid
these are the 3 basic types of cells that define 3 major “domains” of life
archaea
bacteria
eukarya
