dna technologies

Question 1

Alters cells or biochemicals to provide a product or process. It extracts natural products, alters an organism’s DNA, or combines DNA from different species.

Answer 1

biotechnology

Question 2

what are the common terms in biotechnology that refer to changing an organism’s DNA

Answer 2

Genetic Engineering and Genetic Modification
- manipulates DNA. (enhancing or reducing how an organism’s own genes work)
- altering the DNA of any organism to suppress or enhance the activities of its own genes, as well as combining the genetic material of different species. (mixing genes from diff species)

Question 3

It is multicellular and has DNA from a different species in all its cells.

Answer 3

Transgenic organism
- Harbours DNA from other species.
- The foreign DNA is called recombinant DNA.

Question 4

What is recombinant DNA and Why is it possible?

Answer 4

It comes from more than one type of organism.
Both are possible because of the universality of the genetic code.

Question 5

Can recombinant DNA exist in single-celled organisms?

Answer 5

Yes, it can be made in single-celled organisms like bacteria.

Question 6

Where else can recombinant DNA be created?

Answer 6

In isolated cells grown in a lab (cell culture)

Question 7

what are the criteria that should be met for DNA to be patented

Answer 7

Useful: It should have real-world applications or benefits.
Novel: It must be completely new and not previously shared publicly.
Nonobvious: It should not be something others could easily think of.

Question 8

Can a gene sequence by itself be patented in the U.S.?

Answer 8

No, gene sequences alone can no longer receive patent protection.

Question 9

What rights does a DNA patent give the inventor?

Answer 9

Exclusive rights to make, use, sell, or distribute the invention for a certain time.
* So if something has been patented means that someone has successfully applied and received the patent or what we call is the intellectual properties of that.

Question 10

What are examples of patent battles involving DNA?

Answer 10

Disputes over breast cancer genes and gene-editing technologies.

Question 11

What did Myriad Genetics patent in the 1990s?

Answer 11

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are linked to breast and ovarian cancer.

Question 12

Why did Myriad Genetics patent BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Answer 12

They isolated the genes and wanted exclusive rights to perform genetic tests for these mutations.

Question 13

What rights did Myriad Genetics have after patenting BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Answer 13

They controlled access to testing for mutations in these genes.

Question 14

What happened to Myriad’s patents in 2013?

Answer 14

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that natural DNA sequences cannot be patented, invalidating their patents.

Question 15

Why can’t natural DNA sequences be patented?

Answer 15

Because they are considered a product of nature, even if isolated.

Question 16

Why were the BRCA1 and BRCA2 patents
useful:
novel:
nonobvious:

Answer 16

useful:
They helped diagnose the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in individuals.

novel:
The testing methods were new and not used by others before Myriad Genetics.

nonobvious:
The methods were innovative and not easily thought of by others in the field.

Question 17

What did Myriad Genetics gain by patenting BRCA1 and BRCA2?

Answer 17

Exclusive rights to perform genetic tests for these mutations.

Question 18

What changed the legal status of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 patents?

Answer 18

The 2013 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that natural DNA sequences cannot be patented.

Question 19

Why can’t natural DNA sequences be patented?

Answer 19

Because they are considered a product of nature, even if isolated.

Question 20

it is a revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely alter the DNA of living organisms.

Answer 20

CRISPR-Cas9 technology

Question 21

What is CRISPR and how do bacteria use it to defend against viruses?

Answer 21

CRISPR is a memory system in bacteria. When a virus attacks, bacteria store a piece of the virus’s DNA in their own DNA (like a “wanted poster”). The bacteria can then recognize and fight off the virus using CRISPR. Cas proteins act like “scissors” that cut the virus’s DNA to destroy it. This system is also used in gene editing.

Question 22

CRISPR-Cas9 stands for

Answer 22

(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)

Question 23

Who owns the gene-editing technology CRISPR-Cas9, and what is the issue behind it?

Answer 23

1. The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (eukaryotic cells):
   They filed the patent in an expedited program and were granted the initial patent.
2. The University of California, Berkely (prokaryotic cells)
   Published on the technique first.

The argument was about:
The original Berkeley patent application did not specify cell types, whereas the Broad patent specifically mentioned use to edit genes of eukaryotic organisms.

Question 24

Recombinant DNA technology is also known as

Answer 24

gene cloning
cloning: in this context refers to making many copies of a specific DNA sequence

Question 25

It is the process of making many copies of a specific DNA sequence. It involves inserting a piece of DNA into bacteria or other cells, which then multiply and produce the protein specified by the DNA.

Answer 25

Recombinant DNA technology

Question 26

How does recombinant DNA technology help in mass-producing proteins?

Answer 26

Bacteria or other cells with recombinant DNA can divide and produce many copies of the DNA. Under the right conditions, they also produce large amounts of the protein that the DNA specifies. This method is used to create proteins for medicines, like insulin.

Question 27

When did recombinant DNA technology begin and what was its initial use?

Answer 27

Recombinant DNA technology began in 1975. It was first used to modify bacteria to produce peptides and proteins that could be used as drugs.

Question 28

What are the three components required to manufacture recombinant DNA molecules?

Answer 28

Restriction enzymes (molecular scissors to cut DNA)
- enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

Cloning vectors (DNA pieces that deliver genes to cells)
- pieces of DNA used to deliver specific DNA sequences to cells.

Recipient cells (like bacteria or cultured cells to receive the new DNA)
- such as bacteria or cultured single cells.

Question 29

What happens after the recombinant DNA is inserted into recipient cells?

Answer 29

The recipient cells (like bacteria) use the new DNA to produce the protein specified by the gene. The useful protein is then isolated and purified.

Question 30

what is the most common drug that produced in single cells using Recombinant DNA technology

Answer 30

EPO and Insulin

Question 30

stimulates the production of red blood cells in cancer patients

Answer 30

erythropoietin, EPO

Question 31

allows cells to take up glucose in treatment of type 1 diabetes

Answer 31

insulin

Question 32

Heterozygotes and Homozygotes

Answer 32

When creating transgenic organisms, scientists breed heterozygotes (organisms with one copy of a gene) to produce homozygotes (organisms with two copies of a gene).

Question 33

This is the use of genetically modified organisms to clean up the environment, like breaking down toxins or pollutants.

Answer 33

Bioremediation
(Provides traits that have environmental effects.)

Question 34

What are transgenic plants and animals used for?

Answer 34

Transgenic plants are modified to be more nutritious, easier to grow, and resistant to pests. Transgenic animals are used to model human diseases and produce protein-based drugs in their body fluids.

Question 35

potato:
soybean:

Answer 35

potato: Polyphenol oxidase
soybean: Gene editing

Question 36

What are DNA microarrays also called?

Answer 36

DNA chips or gene chips.

Question 36

What are DNA microarrays and what do they do?

Answer 36

DNA microarrays
- hold DNA pieces to which fluorescently labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) probes from samples are applied

[are chips with small DNA pieces attached to them. They are used to monitor gene function by detecting which genes are active in a sample using glowing cDNA probes.]

Question 36

How are the results of DNA microarray analysis detected and analyzed?

Answer 36

A laser scanner detects the fluorescent signals from the bound cDNAs, and a computer analyzes the data to identify which genes are active in the sample.

Question 36

What are the steps in DNA microarray analysis?

Answer 36

Isolate RNA
Generate cDNAs (complementary DNA)
Label probes with fluorescent tags
Incubate labeled cDNAs with DNA microarray
Laser scanner detects bound, fluorescent DNA probes
Computer analyzes data

Question 37

these stands for
ZFNs:
TALEN:
CRISPRs:

Answer 37

ZFNs: Zinc Finger Nuclease technology
TALEN: Transcription-activator-like effector nuclease technology
CRISPRs: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- Cas9 is the protein that cuts DNA at a specific location

Question 37

tools for genome editing which help correct a genetic defect, create an animal model, or introduce a gene drive to change or eradicate a species, among other applications.

Answer 37

ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR-Cas9
- These tools use enzymes to make double-stranded breaks in DNA, allowing researchers to add, replace, or delete specific genes.

Question 37

Uses antisense technology, ribozymes, morpholinos and RNA interference (RNAi) to block translation of mRNAs.

Answer 37

Gene Silencing

Question 37

Uses enzymes to create double stranded breaks in DNA, enabling researchers to add, replace or delete specific genes.

Answer 37

Genome Editing