The Influence & Factors Of Perception

Question 1

What is perceptual Constancies?

Answer 1

They enable us to maintain a stable perception of a stimulus, although the image on the retina may change (For example, in size and shape).

Question 2

What is size constancy?

Answer 2

It refers to the fact that we maintain a constant perception of an objects size, even though the size of the image on the retina alters as the objects moves nearer or further from us.
We use the size of an image as a cue of provide information about how far away he is.

Question 3

What is shape constancy?

Answer 3

Refers to the fact that an Brecht is perceived to maintain its known shape despite the changing perspective from which it is observed.
Objects that are familiar to us can be accurately interpreted when viewed from any direction.

Question 4

What does Gestalt mean?

Answer 4

German for ‘good form’

Question 5

What is the principle that gestalt is based on?

Answer 5

“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”.

Question 6

What’s the gestalt principles of visual perception?

Answer 6

Gestalt is a German term meaning ‘good form’. The gestalt principles are used to organise and interpret perpetual stimuli. They include figure ground, closure, similarity and proximity.

Question 7

What is figure-ground organisation?

Answer 7

A gestalt principle of perceptual organisation wherein images are organised into the central object of attention (figure) and a background (ground).

Question 8

What is contour?

Answer 8

An imagined line that separates the figure and ground

Question 9

What’s an example of gestalt’s principle of figure-ground?

Answer 9

Camouflage: used to break up the contour of the figure, meaning that the figure and ground will blend, making the figure more difficult to see.

Question 10

What’s closure?

Answer 10

When an object is perceived as being whole despite it actually being incomplete.
Eg. Many company logo use such incomplete figures in their design.

Question 11

What is similarity?

Answer 11

The principle that elements which are similar in appearance will tend to be seen as a unit (For example, in size, shape or colour).

Question 12

What is proximity?

Answer 12

The individual parts of a stimulus pattern are close together, allowing these parts to be perceived visually as a whole.

Question 13

What is depth perception?

Answer 13

Is the ability to accurately judge 3D space and distance, using cause in the environment. Depth cues are vital to us, as we exist in a 3D world but we have only 2D images on our two retinas from which to judge depth and distance.

Question 14

What’s binocular?

Answer 14

Using both eyes

Question 15

What’s monocular?

Answer 15

Using one eye alone or both eyes together

Question 16

What are two binocular depth cues?

Answer 16

Retinal disparity and convergence.

Question 17

What is retinal disparity?

Answer 17

The binocular depth cue which arises as the brain compares and contrasts the two slightly different images obtained because of the distance between the two eyes. This is a depth cue which has been applied in the making of 3D movies.

Question 18

What is convergence?

Answer 18

A binocular cue for depth perception. The automatic turning of the eyes inwards as we watch an object approaching.

Question 19

What is monocular depth cues?

Answer 19

Depth cues that require the input from just one eye.

This includes accomadation and pictorial depth cues.

Question 20

What is accommodation (Visual)?

Answer 20

The process by which the ciliary muscles of the eye change the curvature of the lens to focus an image on the retina.

Question 21

What are some of the depth cues of pictorial?

Answer 21

• linear perspective
• interposition
• texture gradient
• relative size
• height in the visual field.

Question 22

What is linear perspective?

Answer 22

A monocular (pictorial) depth cue interpreted by Leonardo da Vinci, that parallel lines appear to converge as they retreat into the distance.

Question 23

What is interposition?

Answer 23

A monocular (pictorial) depth cue, in which objects further away from the observer are partially obscured by those in the foreground. Also called ‘overlap’ and ‘occlusion’.

Question 24

What is texture gradiant?

Answer 24

A monocular, pictorial depth cue, in which texture in the foreground is seen in more fine detail than that further away.

Question 25

What is relative size?

Answer 25

A pictorial depth cue based on our tendency to perceive the object producing the largest retinal image as being the nearest, and the object producing the smallest retinal image as being the furtherest.

Question 26

What is height in the visual field?

Answer 26

A pictorial depth cue that shows depth by portraying objects further away as being closer to the horizon.

Question 27

What is a perceptual set?

Answer 27

A predisposition to attend to certain aspects of visual scene, or to interpret stimuli in a particular way, according to certain preconceptions.

Question 28

What are factors that influence a perceptual set?

Answer 28

• previous experience: can affect visual perception
• context: the environment in which a perceived stimulus is observed. Context may have an immediate effect on our expectations
• motivation: we see what we want to see
• emotion: may interpret someone’s facial expression, depending on how we are feeling ourselves.

Question 29

Flavour, however, is even more than just taste and smell working together – the full experience of food involves:

Answer 29

> Sight – what it looks like – even including the packaging!
Texture – what it feels like (especially in your mouth)
Smell and taste – to make up the avour.

Question 30

What are factors that influence taste perception?

Answer 30

• Biological factors: GENETICS, as tastes are definitely genetically determined. AGE, as we mature, we develop a tolerance and even a liking for more bitter tastes. Though at 40, our taste buds do not regenerate as fast as they die, so we gradually lose sensitivity in our taste.
• psychological factors: to taste something in a particular way or to select only certain parts of the taste to attend to. PACKAGING AND BRANDING, impact the way we perceive it’s taste. Research has found that packaging with visual elements can influence a person’s perception of a product.
• social factors: culture can play a large role in the way we perceive our food.

Question 31

What’s analytic?

Answer 31

It’s possible to register an overall perception, but still be aware of the distinct sensations

Question 32

What is synthetic?

Answer 32

In which the perception is of a whole

Question 33

What is fusion?

Answer 33

In which the individual components retain their own individuality but also create a new perception