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Physiology- Exam 1 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the ability to resist damage from pathogens and disease

A

immunity

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2
Q

____ immunity has both external and internal defenses and is also nonspecific

A

innate

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3
Q

___ immunity has internal defenses involving the recognition and memory of pathogens and is specific to the type of pathogen

A

adaptive

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4
Q

___ and ___ are physical barriers that function for external innate immunity

A

skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

___ is an anti-microbial peptide released by sweat glands

A

dermicidin

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6
Q

___ contains anti-microbial fatty acids

A

sebum

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7
Q

Mucous membrane cells secrete mucus to _____

A

trap pathogens and debris

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8
Q

Skin secretions are ___ and __ to bacteria

A

acidic and toxic

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9
Q

____ have lysozymes within lacrimal fluid to damage bacterial cell walls

A

tears

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10
Q

The digestive tract has what 3 things to provide external innate immunity?

A

1-lysozymes in saliva
2-HCl in stomach
3- normal flora from intestines

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11
Q

How does the respiratory tract provide external innate immunity?

A

It secretes mucous which traps pathogens and has cilia in the epithelium that moves the mucus to the throat

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12
Q

____ is a glycoprotein within milk, saliva, tears, and nasal secretions that iron can bind to

A

lactoferrin

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13
Q

How does lactoferrin inhibit pathogen activity?

A

Lactoferrin binds to iron and oxidizes microbes

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14
Q

How does the urogenital tract provide external innate immunity? 2 ways

A

1-The pH of urine (~4.0) kills pathogens

2-the lactic acid within the vagina kills pathogens

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15
Q

What are the 2 phagocytic cells of internal innate immunity?

A

neutrophils and macrophages

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16
Q

What are the 4 (non-phagocytic) cells of internal innate immunity?

A

natural killer cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells

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17
Q

Hematopoiesis occurs in the ____

A

bone marrow

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18
Q

Lymphocytes are what 3 cells?

A

T, B, natural killer cells

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19
Q

Megakaryocytes supply what cells?

A

platelets

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20
Q

Which white blood cell is normally the first to arrive at the site of infection?

A

neutrophils

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21
Q

Neutrophils release chemical signals, ____ and ____, to recruit other immune cells

A

cytokines and chemokines

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22
Q

Neutrophils also release _____, which are antimicrobial peptides active against many bacteria, fungi, and viruses

A

alpha defensins

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23
Q

__ is a collection of dead neutrophils and microorganisms, dead tissue, and fluid

A

pus

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24
Q

Neutrophils release lysozymal enzymes into the _____ to kill microorganisms, but it also kills surrounding tissue

A

extracellular space

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25
Q

____ is the process where neutrophils follow chemical trial to the infection site

A

chemotaxis

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26
Q

In ____, the inflamed capillary endothelial cells develop cell adhesion molecules for neutrophils to attach (prompted by chemotaxis)

A

margination

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27
Q

Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries allows for _____, where neutrophils flatten and squeeze out of capillaries between endothelial cells

A

diapedesis

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28
Q

When monocytes leave the blood they become ___ or ___

A

macrophages or dendritic cells

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29
Q

Macrophages usually arrive after neutrophils and perform what function?

A

they phagocytose neutrophil remains, microorganisms, and fragments of the damaged tissue

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30
Q

What are the 3 places macrophages are normally located?

A

1-beneath skin and mucous membranes
2-around blood and lymphatic vessels
3-within the tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, and CNS

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31
Q

Macrophages release ____ (antimicrobial peptides), ___ (toxic to many bacteria), ____ (signaling molecules), ____ (actors in the inflammatory process) and ____ (induce fever)

A

alpha defensins; NO; interferons; complement proteins; pyrogens

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32
Q

____ are plasma proteins synthesized by the liver hepatocytes and monocytes/macrophages and found normally within the blood in an inactive form until they are activated

A

complement proteins

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33
Q

___ is a process that coats substances or cells to increase adherence of phagocytes

A

opsonization

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34
Q

The complement system activates MAC which does what?

A

MAC is a multiunit protein that attaches to a foreign cell and creates a large pore in the cell membrane to allow the free diffusion of water and solutes into and out of the cell, destroying the cell

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35
Q

The complement system increases the inflammatory response by stimulating ___ and ___ to release histamine

A

mast cells and basophils

36
Q

____ causes vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries

A

histamine

37
Q

___ is a complement protein normally found in the blood that binds to carbohydrates in bacteria when it is activated and labels it for phagocytosis

A

C3b

38
Q

____ are proteins released by cells during a viral infection

A

interferons

39
Q

___ and ___ _____ are released by cells infected with virus

A

alpha and beta interferon

40
Q

What is the autocrine function of alpha and beta interferon?

A

it causes the infected cell to upregulate antigen presentation

41
Q

What is the paracrine function of alpha and beta interferon?

A

it stimulates other cells to produce antiviral proteins

42
Q

How does production of antiviral proteins aid cells?

A

a virus can enter the cell but it can’t replicate within the cell

43
Q

____ is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes to attract other macrophages and lymphocytes to site of infection

A

gamma interferon

44
Q

___ are chemicals released by WBCs that cause a fever

A

pyrogens

45
Q

How do pyrogens cause a fever?

A

Pyrogens are released by WBCs, travel to the hypothalamus, and causes hypothalamic neurons to increase the set point for body temperature

46
Q

Why are mild fevers beneficial?

A

They inhibit the growth of some microbes by stimulating the liver and spleen to sequester zinc and iron, which bacteria need to multiply and they also increase the metabolism of immune cells

47
Q

Why are high fevers (what temperature?) dangerous?

A

Fevers over 107 can denature proteins (104 in kids)

48
Q

___ are lymphocytes that are nonspecific and part of the innate immune system. They release alpha defensins as well as cytokines and destroy infected, cancer, or foreign cells.

A

Natural killer cells

49
Q

How do natural killer cells destroy cells?

A

NK cells release perforin and granzymes and bind to Fas receptors to cause apoptosis in the infected cell

50
Q

Natural killer cells are especially important in killing ____

A

viruses

51
Q

___ (in blood) and ___ (in body tissues) are similar cells that produce molecules, like histamine, that aid in the inflammatory response

A

basophils and mast cells

52
Q

How do basophils and mast cells aid the inflammatory response (4)?

A

1-local vasodilation
2-local increase in vascular permeability
3- increased mucus and tear production
4-bronchiole constriction

53
Q

What is the result of increased capillary permeability (2)?

A

1-allows WBCs, complement proteins, and clotting factors into tissue
2-swelling because plasma proteins also exit the capillary

54
Q

___ reduce the inflammatory response by secreting enzymes that breakdown molecules released by basophils and mast cells

A

eosinophils

55
Q

____ release enzymes that can kill some parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

56
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation?

A

redness, heat (both due to vasodilation), swelling (due to the leakage of plasma proteins), and pain (from swelling and cytokines)

57
Q

How does the inflammatory response begin?

A

macrophages and epithelial cells have TLRs that recognize specific classes of microbes and once activated, the cells release cytokines to attract the immune cells

58
Q

What is the protein that forms the clots?

A

fibrin

59
Q

Leaked clotting proteins from interstitial clots do wall off an area of inflammation in order to____

A

prevent injury to surrounding tissue

60
Q

lymphatic tissue houses ___

A

immune cells

61
Q

lymphatic tissue is composed of ___ secreted by reticular cells

A

reticular tissue

62
Q

Reticular cells produce reticular fibers, which are ___, where other lymphatic cells attach and form a network that filters lymph or blood and traps pathogens or dysfunctional red blood cells

A

fine collagen fibers

63
Q

____ is found throughout the body and within lymphoid organs and contains dispersed immune and reticular cells

A

diffuse lymphatic tissue

64
Q

____ are large groups of lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue located deep to mucous membranes within the pharynx

A

tonsils

65
Q

___ function to protect against microorganisms and materials entering the body from the nasal and oral cavities

A

tonsils

66
Q

____ are small structures that filter lymph before it returns to the venous system

A

lymph nodes

67
Q

___ filter microbes and other foreign material out of the lymph

A

macrophages

68
Q

What is the order of lymph flow through a lymph node?

A

afferent vessels –> subcapsular sinuses –> lymphatic nodules –> lymphatic tissue of medulla –> efferent vessels

69
Q

lymphatic nodules house ___ and ___

A

dendritic cells and lymphocytes

70
Q

Lymph capillaries are __ permeable than blood capillaries

A

more

71
Q

The __ is the largest lymphoid organ located within the upper left abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach

A

spleen

72
Q

The spleen filters blood and does what 2 things?

A

1-destroys defective RBCs

2-detects and attacks foreign substances and pathogens within the blood

73
Q

The ___ bring arterial blood into the spleen from the splenic artery

A

trabecular arteries

74
Q

Within the spleen, the ___ is lymphatic tissue, where immune cells detect and destroy pathogens

A

white pulp

75
Q

Within the spleen, the ___ is venous sinuses

A

red pulp

76
Q

What is the flow of blood through the spleen?

A

From splenic arteries, trabecular arteries bring blood into the spleen –> first into the white pulp –> then into red pulp –>through the venous sinuses and splenic cords of red pulp –> out through trabecular veins –> into splenic vein

77
Q

The red pulp consists of ___ which are enlarged capillaries that drain blood into trabecular veins, and ___ which are a network of reticular fibers with reticular cells and macrophages

A

venous sinuses and splenic cords

78
Q

The ___ is located anterior the heart and great vessels and is the site of the maturation of T lymphocytes where they learn to differentiate self cells from foreign cells

A

thymus

79
Q

The ___ of the thymus are connective tissue sheets that extend from the capsule and separate the thymus into lobules

A

trabeculae

80
Q

___ selection occurs in the lobule cortex

A

positive

81
Q

___ selection occurs in the lobule medulla

A

negative

82
Q

The lobule medulla contains ____ which are involved in the development of regulatory T cells

A

thymic corpuscles

83
Q

In order to be considered ____, all of the receptors within the plasma membrane of an individual B cell or T cell will bind with only one type of antigen

A

immunocompetent

84
Q

____ is when lymphocytes must learn to not attack the body’s own cells

A

self-tolerance

85
Q

Positive selection is when lymphocytes are able to ____

A

recognize MHC

86
Q

Negative selection is when lymphocytes don’t ____

A

bind to self-antigens

Physiology- Exam 1 (6 decks)

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