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Physiology- Exam 1 > Integumentary System > Flashcards

Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

superficial layer of stratified keratinized squamous epithelium, avascular–supplied by blood vessels in dermis

A

epidermis

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2
Q

layer deep to epidermis, made up of areolar and dense irregular collagenous connective tissue, and contains follicles, glands, and blood vessels

A

dermis

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3
Q

layer deep to dermis, made up of areolar tissue with adipose tissue–often known as subcutaneous fat

A

hypodermis

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4
Q

produce keratin

A

keratinocytes

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5
Q

keratin is a protein that makes cells both ___ and ___, to protect skin from abrasion as well as prevent excess loss of body water

A

hard; waterproof

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6
Q

produce melanin–the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and iris color

A

melanocytes

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7
Q

dendritic cells that process antigens to present them to lymphocytes

A

langerhans cells

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8
Q

free nerve endings

A

unencapsulated sensory receptors

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9
Q

deepest epidermal layer attached to underlying dermis with one row of actively mitotic keratinocytes and melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and free nerve endings

A

stratum basale

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10
Q

the stratum basale is made up mostly of ___ (cell type)

A

keratinocytes

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11
Q

the 2nd to deepest layer of epidermis that is composed of several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes, it also contains melanocyte cell processes between keratinocytes

A

stratum spinosum

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12
Q

thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin attached to desmosomes are located within keratinocytes in the stratum ____

A

spinosum

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13
Q

irregular shaped cells found within the stratum basale with long cell processes extending into the stratum spinosum, and they produce a pigment that provides protection against ultraviolet light by absorbing it before it reaches underlying cells

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

vesicles filled with melanin granules are called ___

A

melanosomes

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15
Q

keratinocytes phagocytize the tips of melanocyte processes to acquire ____

A

melanosomes

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16
Q

melanin is regulated by what 3 things?

A

genetics, exposure to UV light, and hormones

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17
Q

How does exposure to UV light regulate production of melanin?

A

UV light darkens the melanin that is present and stimulates production of more melanin

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18
Q

How do hormones regulate production of melanin?

A

During pregnancy, melanin production increases as a result of increased levels of estrogen and melanin-stimulating hormone

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19
Q

Layer of the epidermis with 3-5 layers of cells–within cytoplasm of cells are lamellated granules and keratohyaline granules which are bound to the inner surface of the cells, thickening the plasma membrane and helping resist abrasions

A

stratum granulosum

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20
Q

granules that contain glycolipids secreted to waterproof the epidermis

A

lamellated granules

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21
Q

granules that will attach to pre-keratin filaments in order to form keratin

A

keratohyaline

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22
Q

In the stratum ____, cells die because they are far from the blood vessels in the dermis and are coated by the glycolipids secreted into extracellular space

A

granulosum

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23
Q

the layer of epidermis only within thick skin on the palms of hands and soles of feet that is 2-3 layers of dead cells that are filled with eleidin

A

stratum lucidum

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24
Q

a clear protein that is an intermediate form of keratin

A

eleidin

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25
Q

the outermost layer of the epithelium that is 20-30 layers of dead cells filled with keratin and melanin and surrounded by glycolipids

A

stratum corneum

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26
Q

the layer of the dermis that is made up of areolar connective tissue that contains blood vessels that supply the epidermis

A

papillary layer

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27
Q

projections of papillary layer of dermis that extend toward epidermis (no function)

A

dermal papillae

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28
Q

layer of the dermis that is made up of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue–it contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, and glands

A

reticular layer

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29
Q

____ are parallel, curving ridges in the dermis of thick skin that shape the epidermis into fingerprints and footprints

A

dermal ridges

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30
Q

The majority of collagen fibers in the dermis are oriented in one condition, which creates ____ lines in the skin

A

cleavage

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31
Q

also called subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia, it connects dermis to underlying muscle and bone

A

hypodermis

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32
Q

The hypodermis is made up of ___ and ___ tissue

A

areolar and adipose

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33
Q

mechanoreceptors respond to

A

pressure, tension, stretching

34
Q

chemoreceptors respond to

A

chemicals (O2, glucose, CO2, pH) and itch

35
Q

thermoreceptors respond to

A

temperature

36
Q

photoreceptors respond to

A

light

37
Q

nociceptors respond to

A

pain

38
Q

___ sit on top of free nerve endings within the epidermis and dermis

A

merkel disks

39
Q

free nerve endings around a follicle are called

A

hair follicle receptors

40
Q

Encapsulated cutaneous receptors located in the dermis–3 of them

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, Ruffini end organs, and Pacinian corpuscles

41
Q

Free nerve endings have what 4 cutaneous receptors:

A

thermo, noci, mechano, and chemo

42
Q

Merkel discs have ___ cutaneous receptors, which detect ___

A

mechanoreceptors–light touch and pressure

43
Q

The cell bodies of merkel discs are located in the stratum ___

A

basale

44
Q

Hair follicle receptors have ___ cutaneous receptors, which detect ____

A

mechanoreceptors–bending of hair

45
Q

proteins within plasma membrane of free nerve endings that open ion channel gates (mostly Na and K) at different temperature ranges

A

transient receptor potential proteins

46
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles have ____ cutaneous receptors which detect ___

A

mechanoreceptors–light touch and pressure and vibration

47
Q

Pacinian corpuscles have ___ cutaneous receptors which detect ____

A

mechanoreceptors–deep pressure, stretch, and vibration

48
Q

Ruffini endings have ___ cutaneous receptors which detect ____

A

mechanoreceptors–deep pressure and stretch

49
Q

____ glands secrete onto an epithelial surface

A

exocrine

50
Q

Sebaceous and sweat glands are ____ glands

A

exocrine

51
Q

_____ are holocrine glands that secrete sebum into a duct that empties into a hair follicle

A

sebaceous glands

52
Q

How does a holocrine gland excrete its contents?

A

the substance builds up in the cell, the cell dies and lyses, and the cell as well as its contents are excreted

53
Q

The most common type of sweat gland

A

merocrine//eccrine

54
Q

____ secrete water with salts (mostly Cl) and small amounts of ammonia, urea, uric acid, and lactic acid into a duct that empties onto the external surface of the epidermis

A

merocrine sweat glands

55
Q

How does a merocrine gland secrete?

A

by exocytosis–the product moves out via a vesicle

56
Q

___ secrete odorless, organic substances that are metabolized by bacteria to produce body odor into a duct that empties into a hair follicle in the axilla and perineum

A

apocrine sweat glands

57
Q

How do apocrine sweat glands secrete?

A

via exocytosis, like merocrine glands

58
Q

____ are apocrine glands located in ear canal with ducts that open either directly onto the surface of the external auditory canal or into the ducts of sebaceous glands

A

ceruminous glands

59
Q

How do ceruminous glands secrete?

A

true apocrine secretion–secretions accumulate in cytoplasm, parts of the cell pinch off, pinched off portion is part of the secretion

60
Q

____ are apocrine glands located in the breasts of female that secrete milk into ducts that empty onto the nipple

A

mammary glands

61
Q

___ is a combination of water with antimicrobial proteins and sebaceous gland secretions

A

cerumen

62
Q

The ____ of the hair is the most internal layer and contains soft keratin

A

medulla

63
Q

The ___ of the hair contains hard keratin

A

cortex

64
Q

The ___ of the hair is a single layer of cells on the hair surface

A

cuticle

65
Q

The ___ of the hair follicle is a mass of undifferentiated epithelial cells similar to cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis, that becomes the hair and the internal epithelial root sheath

A

matrix

66
Q

The ___ is part of the dermis that projects into the hair bulb and contains blood vessels that nourish the cells of the matrix

A

hair papilla

67
Q

The most external layer of the hair follicle sheath that contains cells of the dermis is the ____

A

dermal root sheath

68
Q

____ is formed by matrix cells that differentiate, become keratinized, and die

A

hair

69
Q

Hair grows longer as cells are added to the ___

A

base

70
Q

Body hairs normally have a growing stage and a resting stage, and after the resting stage what happens?

A

a new hair replaces the old hair

71
Q

Smooth muscle attached to the hair follicle is the ___

A

arrector pili muscles

72
Q

When arrector pili muscles are relaxed, hair is in what position?

A

hair is at an oblique angle to the skin

73
Q

When arrector pili muscles are contracted, hair is in what position?

A

hair is pulled so that it is perpendicular to the skin

74
Q

What causes goose bumps?

A

contraction of arrector pili muscles, pulling up on hair

75
Q

Arrector pili muscles are innervated by ____ neurons

A

sympathetic

76
Q

Nails are stratum ___ with ___ keratin

A

corneum; hard

77
Q

The portion of the nail under the skin

A

nail root

78
Q

The portion of the nail that is the external part of the nail

A

nail body

79
Q

The part of the nail at the nail root that is epithelial tissue that produces new nail cells

A

nail matrix

80
Q

The part of the nail under the nail body that is epithelial tissue that produces new nail cells

A

nail bed

Physiology- Exam 1 (6 decks)

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