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Physiology- Exam 1 > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

____ is specific, systemic, and has memory

A

adaptive immunity

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2
Q

The two major cells of adaptive immunity are:

A

T and B cells

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3
Q

The three types of T cells:

A

cytotoxic, regulatory, helper

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4
Q

The two types of B cells:

A

plasma and memory

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5
Q

B cell receptors ___ bind directly to antigens

A

can

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6
Q

T cell receptors ___ bind directly to an antigen alone

A

cannot

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7
Q

T cells require a ___ in order to bind

A

APC

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8
Q

Class 1 MHC proteins are found on what cells?

A

all cells except RBC

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9
Q

Class 2 MHC proteins are found on what cells?

A

macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

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10
Q

CD_ proteins can bind with Class 1 MHC proteins

A

CD8

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11
Q

CD_ proteins can bind to Class 2 MHC proteins

A

CD4

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12
Q

What cells have CD8?

A

cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

What cells have CD4?

A

helper and regulatory T cells

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14
Q

How are helper T and regulatory T cells activated?

A

Antigens are presented to them by APCs including macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells

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15
Q

What 3 events are required for activate helper and regulatory T cells?

A

1- antigen presentation within a MHC protein on an APC
2- costimulus–binding of nonantigenic proteins of APC and helper/regulatory T cell
3-secretion of cytokines, IL1, and TNFalpha by APC

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16
Q

Once helper T cells are activated, they can then activate and stimulate what 4 cell types?

A

dendritic cells, mast cells, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

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17
Q

Helper T cells secrete ___ which activates a CD8 cytotoxic T cell

A

IL-2

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18
Q

Viral proteins produced within an infected cell and proteins produced by oncogenes in cancer cells can act as antigens to be an APC for what cells?

A

cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

What are the two things a cytotoxic T cell does once it recognizes an infected cell?

A

1-releases cytokines to attract other immune cells

2-destroys cells by either releasing perforins and granzymes or binding to Fas receptors and causing apoptosis

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20
Q

____ T cells remain in the body after an infection

A

memory cytotoxic T cells

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21
Q

Activated T helper cells secrete ___ and ___ which causes activation and proliferation of natural killer cells and macrophages

A

IL-2 and gamma interferon

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22
Q

____ are immunoglobulins that can attach to antigens

A

antibodies

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23
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

G, M, A, D, E

24
Q

The ____ ends of antibodies are identical for all immunoglobulins within a class

A

constant

25
Q

The ___ ends of antibodies are specific to each antigen

A

variable

26
Q

The ___ region can bind to other things like complement proteins, phagocytes, etc.

A

Fc

27
Q

The antibody isotype of a ___ changes during cell development and activation

A

B cell

28
Q

Immature B cells express only the ___ isotype on the surface of the cell

A

IgM

29
Q

Mature, naive B cells express both surface ___ and ___ isotypes, and the cell is ready to respond to antigen

A

IgM and IgD

30
Q

When a B cell is activated by an antigen, the B cell starts to produce the antibody in a ___ form rather than a ___ form

A

secreted; membrane bound

31
Q

Some ____ undergo isotype switching to IgE, IgA, or IgG so that each isotype can then be produced to fight a pathogen

A

daughter cells

32
Q

___ is secreted before IgG

A

IgM

33
Q

__ is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus

A

IgG

34
Q

IgG and IgM bind to ___ and ___

A

bacteria and viruses

35
Q

___ binds to and activates basophils and mast cells, as well as binds to some bacteria

A

IgD

36
Q

___ is secreted by B cells in GI, respiratory, and urogenital tracts and is secreted in milk, saliva, and tears.

A

IgA

37
Q

IgA works with ___ to hydrolyze bacterial cell walls

A

lysozymes

38
Q

__ binds to allergens and works on multicellular parasites

A

IgE

39
Q

What are the 3 things that the Fc portion of an antibody can bind to?

A

1-C1 complement proteins (activates the complement pathway)
2-phagocytes (opsonization)
3-NK cells (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity)

40
Q

What is the relationship between C1 complement protein and antibodies?

A

1- antigen binds to antibody
2- C1 binds to Fc region of antibody
3- classical complement is activated

41
Q

What is the relationship between antibodies and opsonization?

A

1-antigen binds to antibody
2-receptors on a phagocyte bind to Fc region of bound antibody
3-coats for phagocytosis

42
Q

What is the relationship between NK cells and antibodies?

A

1-?????

43
Q

____ is when antibody binds to bacterial exotoxins or viruses so that they cannot attach to cell receptors

A

neutralization

44
Q

___ is the clumping of cells

A

agglutination

45
Q

___ is when large insoluble complexes are formed

A

precipitation

46
Q

What are the three processes that enhance phagocytosis?

A

neutralization, agglutination, and precipitation

47
Q

When an antibody-antigen complex activates complement, it results in both ___ and ___

A

inflammation and cell lysis

48
Q

What are the two main functions of regulatory T cells?

A

1-maintain tolerance to self-antigens (destroy peripheral T or B cells that bind to self-antigen and prevent autoimmune response)
2-suppress the immune response (think of positive feedback to prevent ongoing immune response)

49
Q

Regulatory T cells release ___ and ___ which are inhibitory cytokines that act on other immune cells

A

interleukins and adenosine

50
Q

How do regulatory T cells regulate immune response? 5

A

1-reduce secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines
2-reduce expression of antigen-receptor complexes on APCs
3-adenosine causes increase in intracellular concentration of cAMP in cytotoxic and helper T cells (cAMP accumulation inhibits cell function)
4-transfer cAMP directly into Tc or Th cells via gap junctions
5-adenosine acts as an autocrine by increasing the number of regulatory T cells

51
Q

____ directly kill immune cells with granzymes and perforins

A

regulatory T cells

52
Q

Regulatory T cells also have receptors for what 2 things?

A

1-IL-2 (so that IL-2 can’t activate other immune cells)

2-antigen-receptor complex of APCs (so can’t present antigens)

53
Q

____ is when you are actively producing antibodies after you have been infected by a pathogen

A

active naturally acquired immunity

54
Q

___ is when you are actively producing antibodies after an antigen is intentionally introduced into the body and memory is formed (vaccines)

A

active artificially acquired immunity

55
Q

___ is when you are NOT producing the actual antibodies but the antibodies have come from the mother–IgG through the placenta or IgA from breast milk

A

passive naturally acquired immunity

56
Q

___ is when you are NOT producing the actual antibodies but you have received an injection of antibodies after exposure to some toxin or exotoxin, or when an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus

A

passive artificially acquired immunity

Physiology- Exam 1 (6 decks)

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