Systemic Responses and Hypersensitivities Flashcards
In response to infection, increased ferritin production allows the ___ and ___ to sequester zinc and iron during a fever
liver and spleen
In response to infection, immune cells secrete ___ to increase production of neutrophils and monocytes by bone marrow
colony-stimulating factors
In response to infection, muscle, liver, and adipose tissue release ___ and ___ into the blood
amino acids and fatty acids
Acute phase proteins are produced in the ___; during an infection, there is an increase in ____ acute phase proteins and a decrease in ____ acute phase proteins
liver; positive; negative
Complement proteins, fibrinogen, plasminogen, clotting factors, and antitrypsin are ____ acute phase proteins
positive
Antithrombin, albumin, and carrier plasma protiens are ___ acute phase proteins
negative
___ minimizes tissue damage during the inflammatory response
antitrypsin
___ prevents coagulation
antithrombin
What two things cause the hypothalamus to respond during an infection?
stress and/or low levels of blood glucose
The first response of they hypothalamus during an infection is to release ___`
corticoid-releasing hormone/ corticotropin-releasing factor
CRH/CRF acts on the ____ to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
anterior pituitary
ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release ____
cortisol
The hypothalamus can also respond to infection by releasing ___ and ___ from the adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
When cortisol is released it acts to decrease the activity of ___ cells and increase the activity of ___ cells
Th1; Th2
What is the normal function of Th1 (Type 1 helper T cells)?
increases both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity
What is the normal function of Th2 (Type 2 helper T cells)?
increases the activity of B cells, especially those secreting IgE antibodies, basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils
Aside from cortisol’s effect on helper T cells, it also decreases the release of ____ in basophils and mast cells
inflammatory molecules like histamine
When cortisol is present with epinephrine or norepinephrine, it stimulates ____ in the liver and skeletal muscles
glycogenolysis
Cortisol also stimulates gluconeogenesis in the ___ and lipolysis in the ___ and ____
liver; liver and adipose tissue
During response to infection, cortisol (increases/decreases) bone formation
decreases
Pre-existing diseases, malnutrition, deficiences of essential vitamins and minerals, sleep deprivation, stress, and exercise (depending on intensity and duration), can all affect
immunity
A ____ immunodeficiency is a genetic disorder in which part of the body’s immune system is missing or does not function properly
congenital/primary
A ____ immunodeficiency is caused by another disease, drug treatment, or environmental exposure to toxins
acquired/secondary
An autoimmune disease is when the immune system ____, and can be restricted to one organ or can be in many organs
attacks the body’s cells
Type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis are examples of
autoimmune diseases
In _____, the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas
Type I diabetes
In ____, the immune system attacks the myelin of the CNS
multiple sclerosis
What are 3 possible causes of autoimmune disease?
1-failure of clonal deletion in the thymus
2-failure of clonal inactivation in the periphery
3-the immune system attacks virus-infected body cells and so many cells are destroyed disease results
____ are abnormal responses of immune cells to harmless allergens like dust, pet dander, foods, pollen, etc.
hypersensitivities
Type I: immediate hypersensitivity is ____-mediated, specifically to _____ attaching to allergens
antibody-mediated; IgE antibodies
In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, __ cells present antigen to a ____ cell
B; helper T
In Type I hypersensitivity, once the helper T cell has been presented antigen by a B cell, the helper T cell secretes ___ that stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies
cytokines
The IgE antibody produced in Type I hypersensitivity reactions attaches to _____ or ___
mast cells or basophils
When an antigen attaches to the antibody, the mast cell or basophil is triggered to release ____ cytokines
proinflammatory
In a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, the initial contact with the antigen is considered the ____ stage where the plasma B cells create antibodies against the allergen which then attach to mast cells and basophils
sensitization
In a subsequent response to a Type 1 hypersensitivity what occurs?
- antigen binds to antibody causing mast cell granules to release pro-inflammatory cytokines
- capillaries have increased vascular permeability
- mucus is released
- respiratory passages constrict
____ occurs when large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines are released and bronchial constriction, hypotension, and other symptoms occur
anaphylaxis
What are some common causes of anaphylaxis?
medications, foods, insect stings, latex, exercise
What do eosinophils do in a late phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?
eosinophils migrate to the inflamed area and secrete mediators to prolong the inflammatory response and sensitize the tissue (the eosinophils react like a multicellular parasite is present without the actual presence of one)
Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity is ___-mediated where antibodies bind to ____ and the immune system attacks the body’s own cells
antibody; self-antigen
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases?
1-genetic mutations in the body’s cells yield new proteins that serve as antigens
2-normal body proteins are altered by combination of drugs/environmental factors and now appear “foreign”
3-body may encounter microbes whose antigens are close in structure to the body’s own proteins
_____ is commonly caused by Rh antibodies of a mother, usually affecting pregnancies after the first one
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Why does hemolytic disease of the newborn not usually affect the first pregnancy?
during/after labor and delivery of the first newborn, the mother’s blood mixes with fetal blood, exposing mother’s blood to Rh antigen
Hemolytic disease of the newborn only occurs in Rh_ mothers with Rh_ fetuses
Rh-; Rh+
Type III immune-complex hypersensitivity reactions are ___-mediated reactions where antibodies attach to free antigens and cause ___
antibody; precipitation
What are the two consequences of the immune-antigen complex created in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?
1-can trap in capillary walls, especially in the kidney glomerulus
2-can activate complement proteins, inducing an inflammatory response
____ is an example of a type III hypersensitivity disease, where antibodies attach to injected proteins and precipitate
serum sickness
Type IV delayed hypersensitivities are ___-mediated and take ___ to develop, and may develop granulomas
cell; 2-3days
Type IV hypersensitivities occur independent of ____; there is an over-activation of T cells and macrophages
antibodies
What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions? (5 were given in lecture)
1-contact dermatitis (poison ivy) 2-granulomatous inflammation 3-allograft rejection 4-graft-versus-host disease (bone marrow transplant) 5-some autoimmune diseases
