Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology- Exam 1 > Systemic Responses and Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

Systemic Responses and Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1
Q

In response to infection, increased ferritin production allows the ___ and ___ to sequester zinc and iron during a fever

A

liver and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In response to infection, immune cells secrete ___ to increase production of neutrophils and monocytes by bone marrow

A

colony-stimulating factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In response to infection, muscle, liver, and adipose tissue release ___ and ___ into the blood

A

amino acids and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Acute phase proteins are produced in the ___; during an infection, there is an increase in ____ acute phase proteins and a decrease in ____ acute phase proteins

A

liver; positive; negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Complement proteins, fibrinogen, plasminogen, clotting factors, and antitrypsin are ____ acute phase proteins

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antithrombin, albumin, and carrier plasma protiens are ___ acute phase proteins

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

___ minimizes tissue damage during the inflammatory response

A

antitrypsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

___ prevents coagulation

A

antithrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two things cause the hypothalamus to respond during an infection?

A

stress and/or low levels of blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The first response of they hypothalamus during an infection is to release ___`

A

corticoid-releasing hormone/ corticotropin-releasing factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

CRH/CRF acts on the ____ to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release ____

A

cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The hypothalamus can also respond to infection by releasing ___ and ___ from the adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When cortisol is released it acts to decrease the activity of ___ cells and increase the activity of ___ cells

A

Th1; Th2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the normal function of Th1 (Type 1 helper T cells)?

A

increases both cell-mediated immunity and antibody-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the normal function of Th2 (Type 2 helper T cells)?

A

increases the activity of B cells, especially those secreting IgE antibodies, basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Aside from cortisol’s effect on helper T cells, it also decreases the release of ____ in basophils and mast cells

A

inflammatory molecules like histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When cortisol is present with epinephrine or norepinephrine, it stimulates ____ in the liver and skeletal muscles

A

glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cortisol also stimulates gluconeogenesis in the ___ and lipolysis in the ___ and ____

A

liver; liver and adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

During response to infection, cortisol (increases/decreases) bone formation

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Pre-existing diseases, malnutrition, deficiences of essential vitamins and minerals, sleep deprivation, stress, and exercise (depending on intensity and duration), can all affect

A

immunity

22
Q

A ____ immunodeficiency is a genetic disorder in which part of the body’s immune system is missing or does not function properly

A

congenital/primary

23
Q

A ____ immunodeficiency is caused by another disease, drug treatment, or environmental exposure to toxins

A

acquired/secondary

24
Q

An autoimmune disease is when the immune system ____, and can be restricted to one organ or can be in many organs

A

attacks the body’s cells

25
Q

Type I diabetes and multiple sclerosis are examples of

A

autoimmune diseases

26
Q

In _____, the immune system attacks beta cells in the pancreas

A

Type I diabetes

27
Q

In ____, the immune system attacks the myelin of the CNS

A

multiple sclerosis

28
Q

What are 3 possible causes of autoimmune disease?

A

1-failure of clonal deletion in the thymus
2-failure of clonal inactivation in the periphery
3-the immune system attacks virus-infected body cells and so many cells are destroyed disease results

29
Q

____ are abnormal responses of immune cells to harmless allergens like dust, pet dander, foods, pollen, etc.

A

hypersensitivities

30
Q

Type I: immediate hypersensitivity is ____-mediated, specifically to _____ attaching to allergens

A

antibody-mediated; IgE antibodies

31
Q

In a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, __ cells present antigen to a ____ cell

A

B; helper T

32
Q

In Type I hypersensitivity, once the helper T cell has been presented antigen by a B cell, the helper T cell secretes ___ that stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibodies

A

cytokines

33
Q

The IgE antibody produced in Type I hypersensitivity reactions attaches to _____ or ___

A

mast cells or basophils

34
Q

When an antigen attaches to the antibody, the mast cell or basophil is triggered to release ____ cytokines

A

proinflammatory

35
Q

In a Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction, the initial contact with the antigen is considered the ____ stage where the plasma B cells create antibodies against the allergen which then attach to mast cells and basophils

A

sensitization

36
Q

In a subsequent response to a Type 1 hypersensitivity what occurs?

A
  • antigen binds to antibody causing mast cell granules to release pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • capillaries have increased vascular permeability
  • mucus is released
  • respiratory passages constrict
37
Q

____ occurs when large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines are released and bronchial constriction, hypotension, and other symptoms occur

A

anaphylaxis

38
Q

What are some common causes of anaphylaxis?

A

medications, foods, insect stings, latex, exercise

39
Q

What do eosinophils do in a late phase reaction of Type I hypersensitivity?

A

eosinophils migrate to the inflamed area and secrete mediators to prolong the inflammatory response and sensitize the tissue (the eosinophils react like a multicellular parasite is present without the actual presence of one)

40
Q

Type II Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity is ___-mediated where antibodies bind to ____ and the immune system attacks the body’s own cells

A

antibody; self-antigen

41
Q

What are some causes of autoimmune diseases?

A

1-genetic mutations in the body’s cells yield new proteins that serve as antigens
2-normal body proteins are altered by combination of drugs/environmental factors and now appear “foreign”
3-body may encounter microbes whose antigens are close in structure to the body’s own proteins

42
Q

_____ is commonly caused by Rh antibodies of a mother, usually affecting pregnancies after the first one

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn

43
Q

Why does hemolytic disease of the newborn not usually affect the first pregnancy?

A

during/after labor and delivery of the first newborn, the mother’s blood mixes with fetal blood, exposing mother’s blood to Rh antigen

44
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn only occurs in Rh_ mothers with Rh_ fetuses

A

Rh-; Rh+

45
Q

Type III immune-complex hypersensitivity reactions are ___-mediated reactions where antibodies attach to free antigens and cause ___

A

antibody; precipitation

46
Q

What are the two consequences of the immune-antigen complex created in a type III hypersensitivity reaction?

A

1-can trap in capillary walls, especially in the kidney glomerulus
2-can activate complement proteins, inducing an inflammatory response

47
Q

____ is an example of a type III hypersensitivity disease, where antibodies attach to injected proteins and precipitate

A

serum sickness

48
Q

Type IV delayed hypersensitivities are ___-mediated and take ___ to develop, and may develop granulomas

A

cell; 2-3days

49
Q

Type IV hypersensitivities occur independent of ____; there is an over-activation of T cells and macrophages

A

antibodies

50
Q

What are some examples of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions? (5 were given in lecture)

A 
1-contact dermatitis (poison ivy)
2-granulomatous inflammation
3-allograft rejection
4-graft-versus-host disease (bone marrow transplant)
5-some autoimmune diseases

Physiology- Exam 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions