The immune system Flashcards
Our immune system involves many different organs working together to protect us against disease and infection. The overall action of the immune system can be divided into the three major lines of defense.
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The first line of defense
This line of defense involves several different barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body. This includes nonspecific innate defense mechanisms that attempt to block any pathogen. These defenses include skin which is the largest immune organ to protect from foreign invader tonsils nose hairs ear wax probiotic bacteria and enzymes
The second line of defense
When the body is invaded and the first line of defense is breached four important non-specific defenses take action the inflammatory response the temperature response proteins that kill or inhibit pathogens and white blood cells called phagoctyes, which attack and kill pathogen
Inflammatory response
Injury or local infection such as a cut or scrape causes an inflammatory response. an inflammatory response is a series of events that’s suppress infection and speed recovery. Imagine that a splinter has pucntured your finger, creating an entrance for pathogeans. Infected or injured cells in finger release chemicals, including histamine. Histamine causes local blood vessels to dilate, increasing blood flow to the area. Increased blood flow brings white blood cells to the infection site, where they can attack pathogens. Increased blood flow also causes swelling and redness in the infected area. The whitish liquid, or pus, associated with some infections contains white blood cells, dead cells, and dead pathogens.
Histime
protein that dilates blood vessel put pressure on pain neurons
Scab
Dead cells, new cells, proteins, fibrene
Temperature response
When the body begins its fight against pathogens. Body temp increases several degrees above the normal value of about 37 degrees Celcius (99 degrees F). The higher temp is called a fever, and it is common symptom of illness that shows the body is responding to an infection. fever is helpful because many disease- causing bacteria do not grow well at high temps. (DONT WANT FEVER FOR TO LONG OR CAN KILL YOU)
Proteins
Various proteins circulate in the blood and become active when they encounter a pathegoen. These defensive proteins attack pathogens and the body cells that may be infected. HISTIMINE DILATE FOR MORE WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Chems designed to slow down white blood cells
Phagocytes
White blood cells circulating in the area of the infection will encounter a pathogen and engulf and destroy it by perfoming phagocytosis.
PAC MAN EAT THEM/DESTROY
The third line of defense
This immune response targets specific pathogens and is activated when the first and second lines of defense do not work. It is triggered by specific antigens on the surface of pathogens that invade the body and cause disease. White blood cells recognize these specific antigens and release specific antibodies( proteins that stick to antigens) after sticking to the antigen the antibodies trigger white blood cells to attack the pathogen destroying it. Certain white blood cells called memory B cells can remember specific pathogens and are able to fight these pathogens the next time they infect the organism. Your body fights it the first time makes antibodies against that specific disease and you get well if you come in contact with the pathogen again your memory B cells remember the disease already no how to make the antibodies to fight it and you do not get sick again. This is how we build immunity to the thousands of pathogens we encounter In Our Lifetime
We are born with only a few T and B cells but when white blood cells increase there’s an indication of infection
Passive immunity
Occurs when antibodies made by someone else are given to a person.
for example moms antibodies given to Baby during development and through breast milk
Pathogens
Disease causing agents like bacteria viruses parasites fungi prions which are mini viruses and protist
Cardiovascular diesase
heart attack- blood vessel carrying 02 blood becomes clogged part of heart doesn’t have 02
stroke- blood vessel brining 02 to brain then they die
THESE KILL MOST OF US
High blood pressure affects High income more because we eat more meat food than plant
food obesity is higher in high income because we have more food
unsafe water low income doesn’t have money so has worse water
unsafe sex lack of Education and lack of available conception
Viruses
Protein surrounding some nucleic acid RNA or DNA as hereditary material
Bacteria
All sizes and shape use DNA
Molecules and body with specificity
Antibodies- specific to antigens enzymes -specific to substrates all about shape
HIV
has evolved to kill cells designed to kill it that’s why it’s more deadly
Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells
Phyacyote
Designed to eat other cells like Pac-Man nonspecific
Main organs
Bone marrow, lymphatic system, spleen, skin (largest immune system organ)
Malaria
Caused by protisys in the genus PLASMODIUM spread by mosquitoes HOW TO AVOID spraying insecticides such as DDT
Tuberculosis
Caused by a bacterium (mycobacterium tuberculsis) SPREAD when a person coughs and bacteria is in the air AVOID Take a year long course of antiobiotics
