The Immune System

Question 1

What are three different blood diseases?

Answer 1

Anemia
Low red blood cell count, or not enough haemoglobin. Symptoms; fatigue, cold, pale
Leukemia
Abnormal growth of wBC (cancer)
Haemophilia
Missing platelets or other clotting factors. Bleeding risk

Question 2

What is the First Stage of clotting?

Answer 2

Injury (tissue damage releases chemical signals)

Ca+ released

Question 3

What is the Second Stage of clotting?

Answer 3

Platelets are attracted to the site of the injury

Question 4

What is the Third Stage of clotting?

Answer 4

Prothrombin is released by cells and activate by Ca+ making Thrombin

Question 5

What is the Fourth Stage of clotting?

Answer 5

Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin

Question 6

What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?

Answer 6

Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin

Question 7

What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?

Answer 7

Fibrin forms a net to trap blood cells= forming the clot

Question 8

How do cells identify themselves to the Rets of the Body?

Answer 8

Surface proteins called Antigens

This is also saw the body can recognize “self” versus invading materials that don’t belong

Question 9

What are Antibodies?

Answer 9

Free floating proteins manufactured by the Immune System to attack invading cells
Invading cells have antigens unlike one’s own cells

Question 10

What types of antigens can cells have

Answer 10

A antigens
B antigens
Or no antigens (type O)

You make antibodies against the antigens you DON’T have

Question 11

What happens if an antibody encounters an antigen matching it.?

Answer 11

Agglutination

Clotting/clumping/coagulation

Question 12

How are blood types identified?

Answer 12

Antiserums

Clumping is a positive result, no clumping is negative

Question 13

What is the Rhesus Factor?

Answer 13

Another surface protein
Rh+ cells have the rhesus antigen (no Rh antibody)
Rh- cells don’t have the rhesus antigen, and they DON’T have the Rh antibody - until exposure THEN you make Rh antibodies

Question 14

What do Blood Donors give?

Answer 14

Blood, NOT their antibodies

Question 15

Who are the universal donors and recipients?

Answer 15

ORh- people

AB+ people

Question 16

What is the Lymphatic system and what does it do?

Answer 16

Net work of ducts and Lymphoid Organs
It circulated lymph fluid (plasma & wBCs)
Collects leakage from the circulatory system (thoracic ducts)
For the filtration of blood and immune cells

Question 17

What do the Adenoids do? (First organ)

Answer 17

Collect unwanted material

Question 18

What do the Tonsils do? (Second organ)

Answer 18

Also trap bacteria

Question 19

What does the Thymus do? (T- shaped organ)

Answer 19

Where WBCs mature

Question 20

What do the Lymph Nodes do?

Answer 20

Store & filter WBCs

Question 21

What do the Lymph Ducts do?

Answer 21

Circulates lymph fluid, relies on motion (skeletal muscle contraction)

Question 22

Where are the Thoracic Ducts located?

Answer 22

On the Heart

Question 23

What does the spleen do?

Answer 23

Stores RBCs

Filters broken/old RBCs

Question 24

What is Lymphodema?

Answer 24

When Lymphatic Fluid collects in the nodes
Can occur because of:
Fighting an infection
Cancer treatments

Question 25

What are Pathogens?

Answer 25

Infectious agents that cause illness (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites)

Question 26

How does the Immune System identify Pathogens?

Answer 26

Pathogens have Antigens, so the immune System recognizes it as “Not Self”

Question 27

What are the three types of Immune cells?

Answer 27

Monocytes
    Macrophages (“big eater”)
Lymphocytes
    B-cells (mature in bone marrow)
    T-cells (mature in thymus)
Granulocytes
    Basophils
    Neutrophils
    Eosinophils

Question 28

What are the Non-Specific parts of the Immune System? (Works on Anything)

Answer 28

Tier 1 (barriers)
    Skin, hair, mucous
    Symbiotic bacteria (microbiome)

Tier 2 (Inflammatory Response)
Dilation of blood Vessels
Increased blood flow, brings WBC, fluid (pus), swelling, increased fever, increased temp

Question 29

What is the Specific part of the Immune System? (Antigen targeted)

Answer 29

Tier 3 (cytotoxic)
Cell Mediated
Killer T-cells pierce & destroy infected cells
Antibody Mediated
When the immune system learns how to fight infection and remembers how after it’s been cleared
Antibody Mediated
Humoral (of or relating to bodily fluids)

Question 30

What is the First Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 30

Macrophages swallow the pathogen, destroying the pathogen but “presenting” the antigen (protein marker)

Question 31

What is the Second Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 31

Helper T-Cells bind to Macrophages, to learn the antigen, then signal to other cells what it (antigen) is

Question 32

What is the Third Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 32

B-Cells specialize & multiply

Plasma B-Cells make antibodies
Memory B-Cells keep antibody blueprint

Antibodies bind to pathogen and disable it

Question 33

What is the Fourth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 33

Cytotoxic T-Cells are activated

Question 34

What is the Fifth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 34

Manufacture of memory T-Cells

Recognize the Antigen to speed up future Immune Response

Question 35

What is the Sixth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

Answer 35

Suppressor T-Cells prevent immune overreaction

Question 36

What is an Autoimmune Disorder?

Answer 36

Immune system dysfunction
Too much inflammation
Allergies
Asthma

Question 37

What happens with an Autoimmune Disorder?

Answer 37

Immune cells attack tissue

Genetic & Precipitating (Bringing on suddenly or abruptly) infections

Question 38

What are some examples of Autoimmune Diseases?

Answer 38

Psoriasis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus
Hashimotos Thyroiditis

Question 39

What is an Immunodeficiencies?

Answer 39

Ineffective or missing immune cells (signals)

Eg. HIV - attack Helper T-Cells
AIDS
SCID (bubble boy syndrome)
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Question 40

How and on what do Antibiotics work?

Answer 40

Bacterial Infections
Breaks the bacterial cell wall
Overdue or improper use is leading to ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
(Evolve ways to avoid antibiotics)

Question 41

How and on what do Antivirals work?

Answer 41

Lessen the symptoms of viral infections (slows the viral replication down)
Stops protein function
Modifies cell receptor protein
Acts like immune components (interferons

Question 42

How do Vaccines work?

Answer 42

Preventative
(Administered before or after infection)
Teaches your body to fight off infection (introduces your body to the antigen, so you make specific antibodies Memory T-Cells (to recognise antigens), Memory B-Cells (to remember how to make antibodies), Plasma B-Cells (to make antibodies).

Question 43

What types of Vaccines are there?

Answer 43

Live/Attenuated
Killed or Inactivated
Toxoids (only on bacteria)
Subunit/Conjugate
mRNA

Question 44

Live/Attenuated Vaccines

Answer 44

Weakened in raising it in non-human cells. It can’t harm humans

Question 45

Killed or Inactivated Vaccines

Answer 45

(Killed) Heat or chemically kill bacteria

(Inactivated) Break viral replication genes

Question 46

Toxoid Vaccines (only on bacteria)

Answer 46

Remove ability to make toxin then inoculate (Introduce an idea or attitude into the mind of) w/ bacteria

Question 47

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccines

Answer 47

Vaccines with just the Antigen (protein)

Question 48

mRNA

Answer 48

Not even the protein. YOUR body makes the protein, then learns to recognise it

           Read & mRNA   ————>     🔺protein
           make