The Immune System Flashcards
What are three different blood diseases?
Anemia
Low red blood cell count, or not enough haemoglobin. Symptoms; fatigue, cold, pale
Leukemia
Abnormal growth of wBC (cancer)
Haemophilia
Missing platelets or other clotting factors. Bleeding risk
What is the First Stage of clotting?
Injury (tissue damage releases chemical signals)
Ca+ released
What is the Second Stage of clotting?
Platelets are attracted to the site of the injury
What is the Third Stage of clotting?
Prothrombin is released by cells and activate by Ca+ making Thrombin
What is the Fourth Stage of clotting?
Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin
What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?
Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin
What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?
Fibrin forms a net to trap blood cells= forming the clot
How do cells identify themselves to the Rets of the Body?
Surface proteins called Antigens
This is also saw the body can recognize “self” versus invading materials that don’t belong
What are Antibodies?
Free floating proteins manufactured by the Immune System to attack invading cells
Invading cells have antigens unlike one’s own cells
What types of antigens can cells have
A antigens
B antigens
Or no antigens (type O)
You make antibodies against the antigens you DON’T have
What happens if an antibody encounters an antigen matching it.?
Agglutination
Clotting/clumping/coagulation
How are blood types identified?
Antiserums
Clumping is a positive result, no clumping is negative
What is the Rhesus Factor?
Another surface protein
Rh+ cells have the rhesus antigen (no Rh antibody)
Rh- cells don’t have the rhesus antigen, and they DON’T have the Rh antibody - until exposure THEN you make Rh antibodies
What do Blood Donors give?
Blood, NOT their antibodies
Who are the universal donors and recipients?
ORh- people
AB+ people
What is the Lymphatic system and what does it do?
Net work of ducts and Lymphoid Organs
It circulated lymph fluid (plasma & wBCs)
Collects leakage from the circulatory system (thoracic ducts)
For the filtration of blood and immune cells
What do the Adenoids do? (First organ)
Collect unwanted material
What do the Tonsils do? (Second organ)
Also trap bacteria
What does the Thymus do? (T- shaped organ)
Where WBCs mature
What do the Lymph Nodes do?
Store & filter WBCs
What do the Lymph Ducts do?
Circulates lymph fluid, relies on motion (skeletal muscle contraction)
Where are the Thoracic Ducts located?
On the Heart
What does the spleen do?
Stores RBCs
Filters broken/old RBCs
What is Lymphodema?
When Lymphatic Fluid collects in the nodes
Can occur because of:
Fighting an infection
Cancer treatments
What are Pathogens?
Infectious agents that cause illness (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites)
How does the Immune System identify Pathogens?
Pathogens have Antigens, so the immune System recognizes it as “Not Self”
What are the three types of Immune cells?
Monocytes
Macrophages (“big eater”)
Lymphocytes
B-cells (mature in bone marrow)
T-cells (mature in thymus)
Granulocytes
Basophils
Neutrophils
EosinophilsWhat are the Non-Specific parts of the Immune System? (Works on Anything)
Tier 1 (barriers)
Skin, hair, mucous
Symbiotic bacteria (microbiome)
Tier 2 (Inflammatory Response)
Dilation of blood Vessels
Increased blood flow, brings WBC, fluid (pus), swelling, increased fever, increased temp
What is the Specific part of the Immune System? (Antigen targeted)
Tier 3 (cytotoxic)
Cell Mediated
Killer T-cells pierce & destroy infected cells
Antibody Mediated
When the immune system learns how to fight infection and remembers how after it’s been cleared
Antibody Mediated
Humoral (of or relating to bodily fluids)
What is the First Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
Macrophages swallow the pathogen, destroying the pathogen but “presenting” the antigen (protein marker)
What is the Second Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
Helper T-Cells bind to Macrophages, to learn the antigen, then signal to other cells what it (antigen) is
What is the Third Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
B-Cells specialize & multiply
Plasma B-Cells make antibodies
Memory B-Cells keep antibody blueprint
Antibodies bind to pathogen and disable it
What is the Fourth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
Cytotoxic T-Cells are activated
What is the Fifth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
Manufacture of memory T-Cells
Recognize the Antigen to speed up future Immune Response
What is the Sixth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?
Suppressor T-Cells prevent immune overreaction
What is an Autoimmune Disorder?
Immune system dysfunction
Too much inflammation
Allergies
Asthma
What happens with an Autoimmune Disorder?
Immune cells attack tissue
Genetic & Precipitating (Bringing on suddenly or abruptly) infections
What are some examples of Autoimmune Diseases?
Psoriasis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus
Hashimotos Thyroiditis
What is an Immunodeficiencies?
Ineffective or missing immune cells (signals)
Eg. HIV - attack Helper T-Cells
AIDS
SCID (bubble boy syndrome)
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
How and on what do Antibiotics work?
Bacterial Infections
Breaks the bacterial cell wall
Overdue or improper use is leading to ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
(Evolve ways to avoid antibiotics)
How and on what do Antivirals work?
Lessen the symptoms of viral infections (slows the viral replication down)
Stops protein function
Modifies cell receptor protein
Acts like immune components (interferons
How do Vaccines work?
Preventative
(Administered before or after infection)
Teaches your body to fight off infection (introduces your body to the antigen, so you make specific antibodies Memory T-Cells (to recognise antigens), Memory B-Cells (to remember how to make antibodies), Plasma B-Cells (to make antibodies).
What types of Vaccines are there?
Live/Attenuated Killed or Inactivated Toxoids (only on bacteria) Subunit/Conjugate mRNA
Live/Attenuated Vaccines
Weakened in raising it in non-human cells. It can’t harm humans
Killed or Inactivated Vaccines
(Killed) Heat or chemically kill bacteria
(Inactivated) Break viral replication genes
Toxoid Vaccines (only on bacteria)
Remove ability to make toxin then inoculate (Introduce an idea or attitude into the mind of) w/ bacteria
Subunit/Conjugate Vaccines
Vaccines with just the Antigen (protein)
mRNA
Not even the protein. YOUR body makes the protein, then learns to recognise it
Read & mRNA ————> 🔺protein
make
