Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are three different blood diseases?

A

Anemia
Low red blood cell count, or not enough haemoglobin. Symptoms; fatigue, cold, pale
Leukemia
Abnormal growth of wBC (cancer)
Haemophilia
Missing platelets or other clotting factors. Bleeding risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the First Stage of clotting?

A

Injury (tissue damage releases chemical signals)

Ca+ released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Second Stage of clotting?

A

Platelets are attracted to the site of the injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the Third Stage of clotting?

A

Prothrombin is released by cells and activate by Ca+ making Thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the Fourth Stage of clotting?

A

Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?

A

Fibrinogen already circulating in your blood is activated by Thrombin making Fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the Fifth Stage of clotting?

A

Fibrin forms a net to trap blood cells= forming the clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do cells identify themselves to the Rets of the Body?

A

Surface proteins called Antigens

This is also saw the body can recognize “self” versus invading materials that don’t belong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

Free floating proteins manufactured by the Immune System to attack invading cells
Invading cells have antigens unlike one’s own cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What types of antigens can cells have

A

A antigens
B antigens
Or no antigens (type O)

You make antibodies against the antigens you DON’T have

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens if an antibody encounters an antigen matching it.?

A

Agglutination

Clotting/clumping/coagulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are blood types identified?

A

Antiserums

Clumping is a positive result, no clumping is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Rhesus Factor?

A

Another surface protein
Rh+ cells have the rhesus antigen (no Rh antibody)
Rh- cells don’t have the rhesus antigen, and they DON’T have the Rh antibody - until exposure THEN you make Rh antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do Blood Donors give?

A

Blood, NOT their antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who are the universal donors and recipients?

A

ORh- people

AB+ people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the Lymphatic system and what does it do?

A

Net work of ducts and Lymphoid Organs
It circulated lymph fluid (plasma & wBCs)
Collects leakage from the circulatory system (thoracic ducts)
For the filtration of blood and immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do the Adenoids do? (First organ)

A

Collect unwanted material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do the Tonsils do? (Second organ)

A

Also trap bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the Thymus do? (T- shaped organ)

A

Where WBCs mature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do the Lymph Nodes do?

A

Store & filter WBCs

21
Q

What do the Lymph Ducts do?

A

Circulates lymph fluid, relies on motion (skeletal muscle contraction)

22
Q

Where are the Thoracic Ducts located?

A

On the Heart

23
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Stores RBCs

Filters broken/old RBCs

24
Q

What is Lymphodema?

A

When Lymphatic Fluid collects in the nodes
Can occur because of:
Fighting an infection
Cancer treatments

25
Q

What are Pathogens?

A

Infectious agents that cause illness (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi & Parasites)

26
Q

How does the Immune System identify Pathogens?

A

Pathogens have Antigens, so the immune System recognizes it as “Not Self”

27
Q

What are the three types of Immune cells?

A 
Monocytes
    Macrophages (“big eater”)
Lymphocytes
    B-cells (mature in bone marrow)
    T-cells (mature in thymus)
Granulocytes
    Basophils
    Neutrophils
    Eosinophils
28
Q

What are the Non-Specific parts of the Immune System? (Works on Anything)

A 
Tier 1 (barriers)
    Skin, hair, mucous
    Symbiotic bacteria (microbiome)

Tier 2 (Inflammatory Response)
Dilation of blood Vessels
Increased blood flow, brings WBC, fluid (pus), swelling, increased fever, increased temp

29
Q

What is the Specific part of the Immune System? (Antigen targeted)

A

Tier 3 (cytotoxic)
Cell Mediated
Killer T-cells pierce & destroy infected cells
Antibody Mediated
When the immune system learns how to fight infection and remembers how after it’s been cleared
Antibody Mediated
Humoral (of or relating to bodily fluids)

30
Q

What is the First Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

Macrophages swallow the pathogen, destroying the pathogen but “presenting” the antigen (protein marker)

31
Q

What is the Second Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

Helper T-Cells bind to Macrophages, to learn the antigen, then signal to other cells what it (antigen) is

32
Q

What is the Third Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

B-Cells specialize & multiply

Plasma B-Cells make antibodies
Memory B-Cells keep antibody blueprint

Antibodies bind to pathogen and disable it

33
Q

What is the Fourth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

Cytotoxic T-Cells are activated

34
Q

What is the Fifth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

Manufacture of memory T-Cells

Recognize the Antigen to speed up future Immune Response

35
Q

What is the Sixth Stage of getting rid of a Pathogen?

A

Suppressor T-Cells prevent immune overreaction

36
Q

What is an Autoimmune Disorder?

A

Immune system dysfunction
Too much inflammation
Allergies
Asthma

37
Q

What happens with an Autoimmune Disorder?

A

Immune cells attack tissue

Genetic & Precipitating (Bringing on suddenly or abruptly) infections

38
Q

What are some examples of Autoimmune Diseases?

A

Psoriasis
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Lupus
Hashimotos Thyroiditis

39
Q

What is an Immunodeficiencies?

A

Ineffective or missing immune cells (signals)

Eg. HIV - attack Helper T-Cells
AIDS
SCID (bubble boy syndrome)
Sever Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome

40
Q

How and on what do Antibiotics work?

A

Bacterial Infections
Breaks the bacterial cell wall
Overdue or improper use is leading to ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
(Evolve ways to avoid antibiotics)

41
Q

How and on what do Antivirals work?

A

Lessen the symptoms of viral infections (slows the viral replication down)
Stops protein function
Modifies cell receptor protein
Acts like immune components (interferons

42
Q

How do Vaccines work?

A

Preventative
(Administered before or after infection)
Teaches your body to fight off infection (introduces your body to the antigen, so you make specific antibodies Memory T-Cells (to recognise antigens), Memory B-Cells (to remember how to make antibodies), Plasma B-Cells (to make antibodies).

43
Q

What types of Vaccines are there?

A 
Live/Attenuated
Killed or Inactivated
Toxoids (only on bacteria)
Subunit/Conjugate
mRNA
44
Q

Live/Attenuated Vaccines

A

Weakened in raising it in non-human cells. It can’t harm humans

45
Q

Killed or Inactivated Vaccines

A

(Killed) Heat or chemically kill bacteria

(Inactivated) Break viral replication genes

46
Q

Toxoid Vaccines (only on bacteria)

A

Remove ability to make toxin then inoculate (Introduce an idea or attitude into the mind of) w/ bacteria

47
Q

Subunit/Conjugate Vaccines

A

Vaccines with just the Antigen (protein)

48
Q

mRNA

A

Not even the protein. YOUR body makes the protein, then learns to recognise it

           Read & mRNA   ————>     🔺protein
           make

Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions