Respiration Flashcards
What is Breathing?
Filling the lungs with air from the atmosphere for Gas Exchange
What is Ventilation?
The tidal flow of air in and out of the lungs
Respiration specifically refers to what?
Gas Exchange
What are the Atmospheric gases, and what are the percentages in the air?
Nitrogen (N2 78%) Oxygen (O2 20%) Carbon Dioxide (CO2 <1%) Methane (CH4 <1%) Water Vapour (H2O <1%) Argon (Ar <1%)
What are the three types of Respiration?
External Respiration
Internal Respiration
Cellular Respiration
What is External Respiration?
The exchange of gases between the Outside Air and the Blood Vessels (capillaries) over an exchange surface
[High] ——> [Low]
What is Internal Respiration?
The exchange of gases between the Blood Vessels (capillaries) and the Body Cells
[High] ——> [Low]
What is Cellular Respiration?
O2 is consumes in the metabolism of glucose & CO2 is released
What are Nostrils?
(Nares)
They allow air to enter the nasal passages
Lined with hairs (cilia) & a mucous membrane (to protect and warm air)
What are Turbinate Bones?
Structure in the nasal passage that helps with smell
What is the Pharynx?
Passage for air
Connects nasal cavity to oral cavity
It’s lined with mucous
What is the Epiglottis?
Prevents food from getting in your windpipe (closes over when you swallow)
It’s lined with
What is the Larynx?
It contains the voice box/vocal chords (glottis)
It’s lined with mucous
What is the Trachea?
A passage for air ringed with cartilage (to keep it open)
It’s lined with mucous
What are the Bronchi?
(Sing. Bronchus)
Branches of the Trachea, one for each lung
It’s lined with mucous
What are the Bronchioles?
Passage for air to exchange surface (alveoli)
It’s lined with mucous
What are the Alveoli?
(Sing. Alveolus)
Exchange surface for external respiration
One cell layer thick
Covered in capillaries
Emphysema - the break down of alveoli
What are the Lungs?
The sun of the air passages & exchange surfaces
Multi-lobed, right lung has 3 left lung has 2
What are the Pleura?
Two membranes that surround the lungs and line the Thoracic (chest) cavity
Covered in a lubricant (surfactant) to make lung expansion & contraction easy
What are the Ribs?
Bones that protect respiratory organs (thoracic organs) & attachment for muscle
What are the Intercostal Muscles?
They expand and contract chest to ventilate
What is the Diaphragm?
Expands & contracts chest cavity, separates the thoracic & abdominal cavities
The ____ ____ action of our ___________ system works became of the _______ _____________ between ______ & ________
The BULK FLOW action of our RESPIRATION SYSTEM works because of the INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS between VOLUME & PRESSURE
As volume* increases what does pressure do, and why?
*volume of container
Pressure decreases
This is because the particles spread out & collide with their container less
As volume* decreases what does pressure do, and why?
*volume of container
Pressure increases
This is because there are more particle collisions because they have less room
The movement of air in and out of our lungs relies on what?
The increase or decrease of chest cavity
This changes pressure in the chest relative to outside pressure
The what happens during Inhalation?
Diaphragm contracts (and pushes down)
External intercostal contracts to pull ribs up and out
= an increase in thoracic cavity volume
Decreases internal pressure (makes it negative)
Higher pressure outside (+) pushes air into lungsWhat happens during Exhalation?
Internal intercostal contract, pulling the ribs in and down (shrinks chest cavity)
External intercostal relax
Diaphragm relaxes so the abdominal organs push it up which decreases the chest cavity volume
= Decrease chest cavity volume, creating (+) pressure & pushes air out
How will air always move?
From an are of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
What is Lung Capacity?
The total volume of gases that can occupy space in your lungs
What is Residual Volume?
Apx. 1 Litre
Gas that stays in your lungs all the time to keep the alveoli open (so they don’t stick)
What is Tidal Volume?
Normal breathing
The volume of gas that moves in and out of the lungs
Apx. 0.5 Litres
What is an Inspiratory Reserve?
All the extra air you can suck in after a normal breath
What is an Expiratory Reserve?
The maximum air you can push out of your lungs
Not the RV
What is the Vital Capacity?
Lung Capacity - Residual Volume
What factors influence lung breathing efficacy?
Muscle Strength
Elasticity of Connective Tissues
Condition of Alveoli
Diameter of air passages
Ex. Swelling of bronchi or bronchiolesConditions that limit O2 delivery (and CO2 removal)
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Asthma
How do gases move?
Through passive diffusion
How does Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide move during External Respiration?
Alveolus ————————————> Blood Vessle
High O2 ————————————> Low O2
Low CO2
How does Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide move during Internal Respiration?
Blood ————————————> Tissues
High O2 ————————————> Low O2
Low CO2
How does gas transport happen in the body?
Some opinion the blood plasma
Most is done by red blood cells by a protein complex
haemoglobin with iron
What does Oxyhamoglobin do when it comes to a tissue?
CO2 pushes the O2 out (makes gas exchange easier)
What is the Primary function for Breathing Regulation?
High CO2 (Low pH) I Receptors in the brain (medulla) I Diaphragm & intercostals contract I More ventilation and gas exchange I Lowers CO2 & pH
Ex. Exercise of stress can make it start again
What is the Secondary function for Breathing Regulation?
Low O2 I Blood vessel receptors (aorta & carotids) I Brain - medulla signals respiratory muscles I More ventilation & gas exchange I Higher O2
Ex. high altitude can make it start again
