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Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Breathing?

A

Filling the lungs with air from the atmosphere for Gas Exchange

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2
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

The tidal flow of air in and out of the lungs

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3
Q

Respiration specifically refers to what?

A

Gas Exchange

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4
Q

What are the Atmospheric gases, and what are the percentages in the air?

A 
Nitrogen (N2 78%)
Oxygen (O2 20%)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2 <1%)
Methane (CH4 <1%)
Water Vapour (H2O <1%)
Argon (Ar <1%)
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5
Q

What are the three types of Respiration?

A

External Respiration
Internal Respiration
Cellular Respiration

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6
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the Outside Air and the Blood Vessels (capillaries) over an exchange surface

[High] ——> [Low]

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7
Q

What is Internal Respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the Blood Vessels (capillaries) and the Body Cells

[High] ——> [Low]

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8
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

O2 is consumes in the metabolism of glucose & CO2 is released

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9
Q

What are Nostrils?

A

(Nares)
They allow air to enter the nasal passages
Lined with hairs (cilia) & a mucous membrane (to protect and warm air)

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10
Q

What are Turbinate Bones?

A

Structure in the nasal passage that helps with smell

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11
Q

What is the Pharynx?

A

Passage for air
Connects nasal cavity to oral cavity
It’s lined with mucous

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12
Q

What is the Epiglottis?

A

Prevents food from getting in your windpipe (closes over when you swallow)
It’s lined with

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13
Q

What is the Larynx?

A

It contains the voice box/vocal chords (glottis)

It’s lined with mucous

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14
Q

What is the Trachea?

A

A passage for air ringed with cartilage (to keep it open)

It’s lined with mucous

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15
Q

What are the Bronchi?

A

(Sing. Bronchus)
Branches of the Trachea, one for each lung
It’s lined with mucous

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16
Q

What are the Bronchioles?

A

Passage for air to exchange surface (alveoli)

It’s lined with mucous

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17
Q

What are the Alveoli?

A

(Sing. Alveolus)
Exchange surface for external respiration
One cell layer thick
Covered in capillaries
Emphysema - the break down of alveoli

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18
Q

What are the Lungs?

A

The sun of the air passages & exchange surfaces

Multi-lobed, right lung has 3 left lung has 2

19
Q

What are the Pleura?

A

Two membranes that surround the lungs and line the Thoracic (chest) cavity
Covered in a lubricant (surfactant) to make lung expansion & contraction easy

20
Q

What are the Ribs?

A

Bones that protect respiratory organs (thoracic organs) & attachment for muscle

21
Q

What are the Intercostal Muscles?

A

They expand and contract chest to ventilate

22
Q

What is the Diaphragm?

A

Expands & contracts chest cavity, separates the thoracic & abdominal cavities

23
Q

The ____ ____ action of our ___________ system works became of the _______ _____________ between ______ & ________

A

The BULK FLOW action of our RESPIRATION SYSTEM works because of the INVERSE RELATIONSHIPS between VOLUME & PRESSURE

24
Q

As volume* increases what does pressure do, and why?

*volume of container

A

Pressure decreases

This is because the particles spread out & collide with their container less

25
Q

As volume* decreases what does pressure do, and why?

*volume of container

A

Pressure increases

This is because there are more particle collisions because they have less room

26
Q

The movement of air in and out of our lungs relies on what?

A

The increase or decrease of chest cavity

This changes pressure in the chest relative to outside pressure

27
Q

The what happens during Inhalation?

A 
Diaphragm contracts (and pushes down)
External intercostal contracts to pull ribs up and out
= an increase in thoracic cavity volume 
    Decreases internal pressure (makes it negative)
Higher pressure outside (+) pushes air into lungs
28
Q

What happens during Exhalation?

A

Internal intercostal contract, pulling the ribs in and down (shrinks chest cavity)
External intercostal relax
Diaphragm relaxes so the abdominal organs push it up which decreases the chest cavity volume
= Decrease chest cavity volume, creating (+) pressure & pushes air out

29
Q

How will air always move?

A

From an are of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure

30
Q

What is Lung Capacity?

A

The total volume of gases that can occupy space in your lungs

31
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

Apx. 1 Litre

Gas that stays in your lungs all the time to keep the alveoli open (so they don’t stick)

32
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Normal breathing
The volume of gas that moves in and out of the lungs
Apx. 0.5 Litres

33
Q

What is an Inspiratory Reserve?

A

All the extra air you can suck in after a normal breath

34
Q

What is an Expiratory Reserve?

A

The maximum air you can push out of your lungs

Not the RV

35
Q

What is the Vital Capacity?

A

Lung Capacity - Residual Volume

36
Q

What factors influence lung breathing efficacy?

A 
Muscle Strength
Elasticity of Connective Tissues
Condition of Alveoli
Diameter of air passages
    Ex. Swelling of bronchi or bronchioles
37
Q

Conditions that limit O2 delivery (and CO2 removal)

A

Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Asthma

38
Q

How do gases move?

A

Through passive diffusion

39
Q

How does Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide move during External Respiration?

A

Alveolus ————————————> Blood Vessle

High O2 ————————————> Low O2
Low CO2

40
Q

How does Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide move during Internal Respiration?

A

Blood ————————————> Tissues

High O2 ————————————> Low O2
Low CO2

41
Q

How does gas transport happen in the body?

A

Some opinion the blood plasma
Most is done by red blood cells by a protein complex
haemoglobin with iron

42
Q

What does Oxyhamoglobin do when it comes to a tissue?

A

CO2 pushes the O2 out (makes gas exchange easier)

43
Q

What is the Primary function for Breathing Regulation?

A 
High CO2 (Low pH)
I
Receptors in the brain (medulla)
I
Diaphragm & intercostals contract
I
More ventilation and gas exchange 
I
Lowers CO2 & pH

Ex. Exercise of stress can make it start again

44
Q

What is the Secondary function for Breathing Regulation?

A 
Low O2
I
Blood vessel receptors (aorta & carotids)
I
Brain - medulla signals respiratory muscles
I
More ventilation & gas exchange 
I
Higher O2

Ex. high altitude can make it start again

Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System (4 decks)

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