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Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cardiovascular System?

A

Mechanism for transporting materials through the body

The heart acts as a pump, blood vessels are the transport network

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2
Q

What materials are transported through the cardiovascular system?

A

O2 (to and from tissues)
Bring nutrients to tissues (carbs, fats, proteins)
Remove wastes/toxins (ammonia -> urea, H+, medication)
Components of the immune system
Messenger molecules (hormones)
Also for temperature regulation

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3
Q

What are the two main vessels?

A

Arteries

Veins

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of an Artery?

A 
Move materials away from the heart 
Thick walls (more smooth muscle than connective tissue
High pressure (branch into arterials)
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Veins?

A 
Move blood to the heart
Thin walls larger diameter
Low pressure - so it has valves
Branch into venules
*Relies on skeletal muscle contraction*
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6
Q

What is deep vein thrombosis?

A

Clots in extremities

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of capillaries?

A

High surface are to optimize exchange
One cell layer thick walls
One cell in diameter

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8
Q

How is Transport Regulated?

A

Done by the Medulla Oblongata

The amount of blood that goes to specific areas, modified by blood vessel diameter (& valves)

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9
Q

What is Vasodilation?

A

Dilation of a vessel (increased blood vessel diameter)

Increased blood flow

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10
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

Constriction of a blood vessel (decreased blood vessel diameter)
Decreased blood flow

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11
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

Blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back, to get O2 and eliminate CO2

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12
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

Blood flows from the heart to the body tissues (deliver O2) and back to the heart to eliminate CO2

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13
Q

How does blood flow through the body?

A

To the lungs (pulmonary artery, deoxygenated)
To the heart (pulmonary vein, oxygenated)
To the body (aorta, oxygenated)
To the heart (vena cavae, deoxygenated)

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14
Q

Characteristics of the heart

A

Mostly made of cardiac muscle tissue
The heart is surrounded by a membrane (pericardium) to reduce friction & give the heart space to pump
The heart has four chambers, there’s a wall down the center (the septum) to keep O2 rich & O2 poor blood separate
The top two chambers are the atria. They receive blood Right from the blood, Left from the lungs
The ventricles are the bottom chambers, they pump blood out of the heart

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15
Q

What do the Vena Cavae do?

A

Receive Deoxygenated blood from the body

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16
Q

What does the Right Atrium do?

A

Receives blood from the Vena Cavae , then pumps it through the Tricuspid valves (deoxygenated)

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17
Q

What does the Right Ventricle do?

A

Receives blood from the Right Atrium through the Tricuspid Valve and pumps it to the Pulmonary Artery through the Semilunar valve (deoxygenated)

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18
Q

What does the Pulmonary Artery do?

A

Transports blood from the heart to the lungs (deoxygenated)

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19
Q

What does the Pulmonary Vein do?

A

Transports blood from the lungs back to the heart (oxygenated)

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20
Q

What does the Left Atrium do?

A

Receive blood from the lungs (oxygenated)

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21
Q

What does the Left Ventricle do?

A

Receives blood from the Left Atrium through the Bicuspid Valve and pumps it to the Aorta through a Semilunar valve (oxygenated)

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22
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Transports blood from the Left Ventricle to the body (oxygenated)

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23
Q

What does the Septum do?

A

Prevents Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood from mixing

24
Q

What are the Atrio Ventricular Valves?

A

Tricuspid Valve

Bicuspid Valve

25
Q

Where is the Tricuspid Valve located?

A

Between the Right Atrium and the Right Ventricle

26
Q

Where the is Bicuspid Valve Loacated?

A

Between the Left Atrium and the Left Ventricle

27
Q

Where are the Semilunar Valves located?

A

In the Blood Vessels exiting the heart

28
Q

How do the AV valves connect to the heart muscle?

A

Chordae Tendinae

29
Q

________, inner lining of the heart protects the __________

A

ENDOCARDIUM, inner lining of the heart protects the MYOCARDIUM

30
Q

How does the heart get blood?

A

Coronary Arteries

31
Q

How does the Head get to give away blood

A 
Carotid Artery (to the head)
Jugular (vein, back to the heart)
32
Q

How is blood pumped to the Ventricles?

A

The Sinoatrial Node sends an electrical impulse causing Atrial contraction. Blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles and then the Atrio Ventricular valves close behind it = “lub”

33
Q

How is blood pumped out of the heart?

A

The atrioventricular node sends an impulse to the ventricles through the His Bundle and down through Purkinje Fibers bracket (so the ventricles contract at the same time). Blood exits the heart through the arteries semi lunar valves close behind it “dub”

34
Q

How do we measure electrical signals from the heart?

A

Via an Electrocardiogram

35
Q

What is the first peak on an Electrocardiogram?

A

Atrial Contraction

36
Q

What are the second, third and fourth peaks on an Electrocardiogram?

A

Ventricular Contraction

37
Q

What is the last peak on an Electrocardiogram?

A

Recovery after Ventricle contraction

38
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

The ml of blood pumped per minute

39
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood moved by ventricles in one “beat”

40
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

Bpm (beats per minute) x Stroke Volume

41
Q

What is Stroke Volume affected by?

A

Heart size
Muscle strength
Tissues Elasticity

42
Q

What is Blood Pressure?

A

Measure of the force of blood on the Artery Walls

43
Q

How is Blood Pressure measured?

A

Using a Sphygmometer

44
Q

What is the top number on a Sphygmometer?

A

Systolic Pressure

Max pressure from Ventricle Contraction

45
Q

What is the bottom number on a Sphygmometer reading?

A

Diatolic Pressure

Minimum Pressure from Ventricle Relaxation

46
Q

What Factors can affect Heart Health?

A

Stress
Nervous system sends adrenaline to get the heart to beat faster
Physical Activity
Causes a temporary increase in beats per minute. Training strengthens the heart muscle and improves cardiac output
Diet
Sugar makes blood viscous fat can produce emboli (clots)or plaques form which decrees elasticity and increase pressure

47
Q

What is High Blood pressure called?

A

Hypertension

Can damage capillary beds & tissues

48
Q

What is Low Blood pressure called?

A

Hypotension

Impaired O2 delivery

49
Q

What do you call clots in extremities?

A

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)

50
Q

What do you call clots in the heart muscle?

A

Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)

51
Q

What do you call clots in the brain?

A

A Stroke

52
Q

How do you look at Blood Vessels?

A

Via and Aniogram

53
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma
The fluid portion of blood mostly water, but also contains ions and proteins. It’s yellow and is necessary to move other blood components
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, full of haemoglobin for transporting O2 and CO2 should be bright or dark red (enough iron) they are biconcave disc shaped (high SA) and flexible (fit through capillaries)
Leukocytes
White blood cells, immune functions. Large variety of wBCs to target specific pathogens (parasites , fungi bacteria). & make proteins
Thrombocytes
Also known as platelets, these calls control the Clotting Cascade, a process to stop bleeding. Cell frangements broken off of a larger cell in the bone marrow

54
Q

Where do Blood Cells come from?

A

Stem cells in the Bone Marrow

Blood Cells have different “life spans” based on function

55
Q

What is a Hematocrit?

A

Diagnostic tool that looks at the proportions of blood components

Unit Two Grade 11 Biology - Respiration Circulation, and The Immune System (4 decks)

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