the immune response

Question 1

non specific immunity

Answer 1

phagocytes

Question 2

specific immunity

Answer 2

lymphocytes

Question 3

phagocytosis

Answer 3

a type of bc that carries out phagocytosis they are found in the blood and tissues and they are the first cells to respond to an immune system trigger inside the body

Question 4

how are phagocytes attracted to the pathogen

Answer 4

any chemicals or debris released by the pathogen will attract the phagocyte towards it

Question 5

lots of binding points of a phagocyte

Answer 5

to an antigen

Question 6

why will the phagocyte change shape

Answer 6

to engulf the pathogen

Question 7

what is a phagosome

Answer 7

the pathogen in the phagocyte is contained in a vesicle and is know as a phagosome

Question 8

lysosomes fuse with phagosome

Answer 8

and release lysozymes’ which is a lytic enzyme which hydrolyses the pathogen
-destroys it and is absorbed by the phagocyte

Question 9

apc

Answer 9

is a phagocyte which presents the pathogens antigens on the cell surface to activate t cells and acts as an antigen presenting cell

Question 10

what are the two types of t cells

Answer 10

• cytotoxic t cells

- helper t cells

Question 11

which type of response is associated with t cells

Answer 11

cell mediated response/ cellular immunity

Question 12

are lymphocytes part of specific or nonspecific immunity

Answer 12

specific immunity

Question 13

where are t cells made

Answer 13

made in bone marrow but mature in thymus

Question 14

what do t cells only respond to

Answer 14

apc

Question 15

helper t cells have receptors,,,

Answer 15

which bind to the antigens on the apc

Question 16

what happens to helper t cells once activated

Answer 16

they divide by mitosis to replicate into large number if clones
-remain a helper t cell and activate b lymphocytes
some stimulate phagocytes
-or form memory cells for that shaped antigen

Question 17

clo0ne helper t cells differentiate into what

Answer 17

-either remain a helper t cell and activate b lymphocytes

and stimulate phagocytosis or form memory cells into that specific shaped antigen or become cytotoxic t cells

Question 18

what do cytotoxic t cells do

Answer 18

they release a protein called perforin which causes pores in the cell so any substance can leave or enter the cell which causes cell death

Question 19

what is b cells and antibodies linked to

Answer 19

humoral response

Question 20

where do b cells mature

Answer 20

bone marrow

Question 21

b cell activation

Answer 21

divides into plasma cells by clonal selection

Question 22

what happens when antigens in the blood colli9de with their complementary antibody on a b cells

Answer 22

the b cell takes the antigen by endocytosis and presents it on its cell surface membrane

Question 23

what happens when a b cell collides with a a helper t cell

Answer 23

this actives b lymphocytes to go under clonal expansion and clonal selection

Question 24

what do plasma cells do

Answer 24

make antibodies specific for that antigen

Question 25

what do b memory cells do

Answer 25

divide rapidly into plasma cells so when reinfected with the same pathogen can make large numbers of antibodies rapidly

Question 26

memory cells vs plasma cells

Answer 26

plasma cells are short lived and memory cells can stay for decades

Question 27

memory cells do not make antibodies!

Answer 27

they will divide by mitosis and make plasma cells rapidly if they collide with a antigen they have previously encountered .

Question 28

antibodies are proteins

Answer 28

quaternary structure bonded with disulphide bonds

Question 29

variable region

Answer 29

will change its tertiary structure to change its shape to become specific for its antigen

Question 30

constant region

Answer 30

same for all antibodies

Question 31

agglutination

Answer 31

antibodies will will bind to the antigens to create antigen antibody complex
antibodies are flexible and can bind to multiple antigens to clump them together