eukaryotic cells and organelles Flashcards
organelles in a EU vs PK
organelles in EU are membrane bound where in prokaryotes they are not bound by a membrane
where is dna found in a EU
the dna in a EU is enclosed in a nucleus
where is dna found in prokaryotic cell
free floating in the cytoplasm
dna is tightly wrapped around what protein in a eukaryotic cell
histsone
dna and histones form what?
chromatin
dna shape in eukaryotic cells
dna in EU is a linear molecule
what type of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell
80s
what is the cell wall made of in plant cells
beta glucose to form cellulose
describe the dna in prokaryotic cell
the dna is arranged in circular chromosomes with no free ends
what are plasmids
they are small loops of dna that are responsible for antibiotic resistance
what type of ribosomes in a prokaryotic cell
70 s
what is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes
muerin
what’s a slime capsule
to protect the PK from phagocytosis or to hydrate the cell
what’s pili
can attach to surfaces and transfer genetic material yo other PK
how do viruses reproduce
the can only reproduce in a host cell by using the host cell enzymes to reproduce
what does the attachment protein in a virus do
attach to host cell
what is the capsid in a virus
protein structure around the virus protecting the genetic material
do viruses contain dna or rna
both
what’s the nucleuses’ role with protein synthe sis
contains the instructions for encoding the amino acid sequence for that protein are contained within a gene . genes are apart of chromosomes found in the nucleus
what is transcription
the genetic information encoded by that gene is converted to mrNA which leaves the cell via nuclear pore
what is translation
now the ribosome read the information contained in the mrna and synthesis that protein molecule
what happens to proteins that are secreted from cells
are translated on a ribosome attached to the RER and then to the golgi APP before leaving the cell
nucleoplasm
contains molecules such as nucleotides and enzymes for dna and rna synthesis
nuclear envelope
double membrane that surrounds nucleus and consists of two phospholipid bilayers
nuclear pore
to allow molecules to enter and leave cells
where is the RER
continuous to the nucleus
what is chromatin
dna and histones
nucleolus
makes ribosomal rna
protein destinations
cytoplasm organelles cell membrane or secreted from cells
what is cisternae on a RER
sheets of membrane that form flattened sacs called cisternae
function of cisternae on RER
contains enzymes
what happens to proteins in the RER
are where translation takes place for proteins which are secreted from the cell
what happens to proteins in golgi apparatus
packaged into vesickles and transported where thye need to be
what does the SER do
is to make and store both lipids and carbohydrates
what do lysosomes do
create digestive enzymes
why has lysosomes got an acidic interior
optimum ph for enzymes
what is the lysosomes role in phagocytosis
lysosomes fuse with the pahgosme and release hydrolytic enzymes which can destroy the pathogen
how do lysosomes get read of dead or no longer functional proteins or cells
exocytosis
what is the function of mitochondria
carries out aerobic respiration to produce atp
what is the inner membrane space of a mitochondria called
matrix
how does the cristae help the mitochondria’s function
increase surface area for enzymes needed to carry out aerobic respiration
what is the chloroplasts function
photosynthesis
where is chlorophyll found
in the thylakoids
thylakoids are stacked to form what
granum
the granum are connected by what
lamellae
what is the stroma
where the light independent reactions take place
what happens if the hydrostatic pressure in a plant cell is high
it pushes outwards
cell wall function in plants
to keep the cell from bursting and maintaining hydrostatic pressure when water potential outside the cell is greater then inside
over view: what is the function of the RER
folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosome
over view: gologi
is processes and packages lipids and proteins and makes lysosomes
golgi vesicle over view
is stores and transports lipids or proteins made by the golgi apparatus out of the cell
