The hydrosphere Flashcards
the hydrological cycle is in a state of…
dynamic equilibrium
Human activities can alter the hydrological cycle by altering… (2 things)
- residence time in reservoirs
2. quantities of H2O in reservoirs
definition of a reservoir and name 3 to do with the hydrological cycle
the storage location for a material i.e. ocean, permafrost and rivers and lakes
the difference between percolation and infiltration and what are these examples of?
percolation = movement of H2O within the soil infiltration = H2O entering the soil
Name the 5 anthropogenic impacts on the hydrological cycle `
- afforestation
- deforestation
- agriculture
- urbanisation
- climate change
how does afforestation affect the cycle?
- increases interception so less infiltration/percolation, reduces soil moisture
- increases transpiration so more evap.
how does deforestation affect the cycle?
- decreases interception, increases infiltration
- decrease in transpiration so less evap.
(opposite of afforestation)
how does agriculture affect the cycle?
- irrigation increases evap. so increases quantities in the atmosphere
- soil can be compacted by farm machinery, so less infiltration
how does urbanisation affect the cycle?
impermeable surfaces i.e. concrete = less infiltration, more runoff
how does climate change affect the cycle?
- increased greenhouse gases, increase temp. increased evap. increase in atmosphere reservoir
- land is drier, less infiltration, less in groundwater reservoirs
- increase in evap. melting of land ice so increase quantities of ocean and lake reservoirs
definition of residence time
average length of time H2O stays in a reservoir before moving to another
what are the 3 strategies that allow sustainable exploitation of H2O sources and summaries what they do.
- inter basin transfer = pipes/canals used to transfer H2O from one area of surplus to an area of shortage (done in Australia, and wales to England)
- artificial recharge = surplus H2O left in lagoons so infiltrate gradually. Used in wet seasons where infiltration capacity has been exceeded
- river regulation reservoirs = reservoirs can regulate extreme flow. Holding back the H2O in times of surplus and releases H2O when less rainfall
definition of desalination
uses high pressure (and so lots of energy needed so very expensive) to desalinate sea H2O into drinking H2O
why the unsustainable use of an aquifer is bad? (4 main points)
- can lower H2O table so causes saltwater incursion
- can cause subsidence (damages infrastructure)
- if extraction rate exceeds recharge rate volume that can be extracted reduced
- many lakes/rivers/marshes fed by groundwater from aquifers, so if the H2O decreases aquatic and semi aquatic organisms can die out
why the unsustainable use of a reservoir is bad?
- can be abstructive: significantly lower downstream flow
- sedimentation in reservoir occurs: less sediment to fertilise flood plain and build up river banks to reduce erosion
- changes in flow fluctuations and can act as a wildlife barrier i.e. for salmon migration
- microclimate can change i.e. more evap. more rainfall. less friction, increase in wind
what is the role of the thermohaline circulation?
- brings warm H2O from the Caribbean and deposits it in in the North Atlantic (using the density of H2O, increase the salinity and decrease the temp, H2O becomes more dense)
- releases lots of heat into atmosphere brings warm air
- without it it would be significantly colder in europe