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Environmental science > Habitat conservation > Flashcards

Habitat conservation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

new habitats may be created when ________ is the main aim or the ______ of old habitats i.e. _- ___ conservation.

A

conservation, restoration, in-situ

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2
Q

Name at least 3 habitats created intentionally as a result of conervation

A
  • wetlands
  • new woodlands
  • wildflower meadows
  • artificial coral reefs
  • rewilding
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3
Q

name at least 3 habitats created unintentionally

A
  • reservoirs
  • roadside verges
  • hedgerows
  • flooded gravel pits
  • shipwrecks
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4
Q

in-situ conservation protects only individuals of species. T or F

A

F - it protects whole communities of species

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5
Q

name the 7 features of habitats that may affect success of conservation

A
  • age structure
  • habitat shape
  • habitat area
  • habitat diversity
  • biological corridors
  • light levels
  • water depth
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6
Q

why is habitat area important? + how is it managed?

A
  • large enough to support pop. (no inbreeding)
  • large for territory/food accessible all year round
    + restrict/control logging
    + plant a variety of trees i.e. fruit
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7
Q

why is biological corridors important? + how it managed?

A
  • links isolated areas of habitat (can re-colonise another)
  • allows mixing of gene pool
  • animals avoid hazards when moving
    + adding/conserving corridors
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8
Q

why is habitat shape important? + how it managed?

A
  • shouldn’t be oval/thin as increases edge effect (more vulnerable to external factors)
  • many animals need core habitat conditions
    + increase size/change shape
    + restrict logging
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9
Q

why is age structure important? + how it managed?

A
  • natural woodland = different age structures
  • older trees die, increase light, increase ground plants
  • increase ecological niches
    + selective felling = create clearings
    + leaving dead wood = niches
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10
Q

why is habitat diversity important? + how managed?

A
  • habitats not uniform
  • local variations, increase niches = more biodiverse
    + coppicing/pollarding
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11
Q

why is light levels important? +how managed?

A
  • shade reduces ground vegetation

+ selective felling

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12
Q

why is water depth important? + how managed?

A
  • plants with emergent vegetation: shallow H2O (hold to sediment)
  • deeper H2O: root anchorage/absorption of nutrients harder
    + plagioclimax prevent hydrosere
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13
Q

name the 4 features of temperate woodlands

A
  • regular H2O supply
  • 4 distinct seasons
  • Summers not very hot, winters not very cold (no major temp extremes)
  • leaves change colour and fall
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14
Q

5 reasons why temperate woodlands are important

A
  • high biodiversity = higher ecological stability
  • resources = timber/charcoal
  • recreation
  • climate control = carbon sequestration
  • soil erosion
  • biogeochemical cycles
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15
Q

name the 4 threats to temperate woodlands

A
  • deforestation for other land uses
  • fragmentation
  • management change (i.e. coppicing/pollarding)
  • introduced species
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16
Q

name the 3 conservation techniques for temperate woodlands

A
  • designated protected areas i.e. Sherwood Forest NNR
  • legal protection of ancient woodlands
  • conservation management (i.e. coppicing, planting new woodland, selective felling, planting mixed species)
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17
Q

Name the 4 features of tropical rainforests

A
  • distinct stratification
  • warm/hot
  • high rainfall
  • low seasonality
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18
Q

5 reasons why tropical rainforests are important

A
  • high biodiversity (more likely to find medicines/genetic resources)
  • resources
  • climate regulation (carbon sequestration)
  • management of hydrological cycle
  • soil maintenance
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19
Q

Name at least 4 of the 6 threats to tropical rainforests

A
  • climate change
  • deforestation: fuelwood collection/timber harvesting/urbanisation
  • agricultural expansion
  • mineral extraction
  • reservoirs
  • tourism
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20
Q

name the 3 ways to conserve tropical rainforests + example

A
  • debt for nature swaps
  • establishment of protected areas
  • sustainable exploitation (international tropical timber agreement)
    + Belize: rio bravo conservation area: funded by donations, conservation charities and ecotourism
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21
Q

name the 6 features of tropical coral reefs

A
  • shallow H2O = high light levels
  • warm, stable temp.
  • low turbidity
  • specific salinity (if changes can be killed by osmosis can’t regulate H2O conc.)
  • nutrition systems
  • cnidarians
22
Q

the structure of corals

A
  • cilia = projections on coral polyp, trap plankton
  • photosynthetic symbiotic algae = provides O2 + glucose
  • reef substrate = calcium carbonate from coral
23
Q

Name the 5 reasons why tropical coral is important

A
  • fisheries
  • climate control = calcium carbonate formed using CO2
  • medicine = produce chemicals i.e. treat HIV/AIDS
  • erosion protection = absorb energy from waves, dissipate energy
  • tourism
24
Q

Name at least 5 out of the 8 threats to tropical coral reefs

A
  • physical damage by human activities
  • souvenir collection
  • sedimentation: lowers light, decrease photosynthesis
  • Pollution: acidification
  • fishing: reduce fish pop. reduce interdependency
  • introduced species: from ballast H2O/escaped fish from fish farms
  • loss of associated habitats i.e. mangroves reduce turbidity
  • climate change: high temps = coral bleaching
25
Q

conservation for tropical coral reefs (5)

A
  • control of fishing: length of fishing season/no take zones/quotas
  • Marine protected areas: fixed mooring buoys/divers not to touch coral/kick sediment
  • collection of coral banned
  • artificial reefs: sinking structures
  • sustainable exploitation: CITES
26
Q

name the 3 features of deep coral reefs

A
  • cold/dark
  • slow coral growth
  • no symbiotic photosynthetic algae
27
Q

3 reasons why deep coral reefs are important

A
  • support large biomass of fish
  • for research
  • fisheries
28
Q

name the 3 threats to deep coral reefs

A
  • deep water trawling
  • oil/gas exploration
  • ocean acidification
29
Q

name the 2 methods to conserve deep coral reefs

A
  • establishment of protected areas i.e. Darwin Mound SAC Scotland
  • control of damaging activities
30
Q

Name the 3 features of oceanic islands

A
  • isolation: species will evolve to exploit every niche, every island unique conditions
  • endemic species: evolved to that island
  • few/no indigenous mammals: difficult for terrestrial mammals to colonise
31
Q

2 reasons why oceanic islands are important

A
  • supports endemic species

- foundation for coral reefs

32
Q

name the 4 threats to oceanic islands

A
  • introduced species
  • exploitation of species i.e. dodo, giant tortoise
  • habitat destruction: urbanisation etc.
  • climate change: sea level rise
33
Q

how do introduced species affect oceanic islands

A
  • native species not adapted to new predator i.e. rats on South Georgia Island
  • Introduced herbivores eat native plants
  • introduced plants outcompete native ones
  • introduced pathogens: kill native species i.e. avian malaria in hawaii
34
Q

name the 2 methods to conserve introduced species

A
  • eradication of introduced species

- control of developments/visitors

35
Q

name the 4 features of mangroves

A
  • halophytic trees
  • intertidal areas
  • low oxygen availability (anaerobic)
  • tropical climates
36
Q

name 5 out of the 7 reasons why mangroves are important

A
  • coastal erosion protection: absorb energy
  • fisheries: nursery grounds protect fish
  • protection of coral reefs: sedimentation at mangroves
  • carbon sequestration (x5 more than rainforests)
  • medicines: antimicrobial medicines like MRSA
  • resources (timber)
  • genetic resources: halophytic so could introduce genes
37
Q

name the 4 threats to mangroves

A
  • clearance for urbanisation/aquaculture
  • logging
  • climate change (sea level rise)
  • coastal development i.e. ports/hotels
38
Q

name the 3 methods to conserve mangroves

A
  • designated protected areas i.e. in Sri Lanka they are protected
  • reforestation/recolonisation
  • control of damaging activities
39
Q

name the 6 features of antarctica

A
  • very low temps
  • low precipitation
  • high albedo
  • extreme seasonal changes
  • high levels of marine nutrients and so life
  • little terrestrial life
40
Q

the 5 reasons why antarctica is important

A
  • scientific research (little light pollution, unique wildlife)
  • ice albedo
  • carbon sequestration: krill eat algae, faeces sink to seabed
  • H2O store: stores 70% of freshwater, global sea levels stable
  • resources: has minerals
41
Q

name the 6 threats to antarctica

A
  • climate change: less albedo, increase sea levels etc.
  • ozone depletion: UV kills algae and so krill
  • tourism
  • overfishing i.e. patagonian toothfish, decrease sperm whales
  • scientific research: increase risk of pollution/wildlife disturbance
42
Q

how do tourists threaten antarctica

A
  • introduction of pathogens
  • pollution (fuel, sewage,waste)
  • disturbance of wildlife
43
Q

name the 5 methods in conserving antarctica

A
  • the Antarctic Treaty
  • control of fisheries: fisheries closed if pop. overexploited
  • waste management: waste removed
  • tourism control
  • no military activity
44
Q

name at least 5 different aspects of the Antarctic Treaty

A
  • ban nuclear activity
  • ban on commercial mining
  • promotes conservation
  • no military activity
  • no permanent accommodation
  • visitors wear protective clothing
  • leave no litter/waste
  • do not disturb wildlife
  • visitors accompanied by trained guides
45
Q

when planning conservation strategies it is important to identify…

A
  • age structure
  • survival rates
  • size
  • distribution
46
Q

name the 4 new technologies used in ecological research

A
  • satellite/radio tracking
  • DNA databases/eDNA
  • Image recognition
  • Acoustic monitoring, sonograms
47
Q

what does satellite/radio tracking involve?

A
  • radio: monitoring position, used in air/water
  • geolocator tags: light i.e. small bird migration
  • satellite: whole migration routes, monitor habitat change i.e. IR emitted from surface can measure vegetation density/temp (limitation: no signal under H2O)
48
Q

what does eDNA and DNA databases involve?

A
  • traces of DNA left i.e. from shedding of skin
  • identify where an organism has originated by comparing it to databases (contains regional pop.)
  • limitations: eDNA degrade in hot temps, disperse in H2O and does not state exact time
49
Q

what does image recognition involve?

A
  • image databases: allow individuals to be recognised
    + provide info on lifespan/pop./social groupings
    + limitation: few species have unique features
  • camera traps: monitor presence of species
50
Q

what does acoustic monitoring, sonograms involve?

A
  • sonograms : records sounds made by organism
  • evidence of: abundance, activity, presence, behaviour, physiology
    + limitations: don’t know if 1 or many, can’t pinpoint exact location

Environmental science (19 decks)

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