methods of conserving biodiversity Flashcards
Name the 3 key features of the Wildlife and Countryside Act
- bans killing/taking wild birds
- restricts introduction of certain organisms
- designation of protected areas i.e. SSSI’s and NNR’s
Give examples of banning certain activities
- no fishing zones
- strict planning permission
- use of pesticides
give examples of how maintaining a plagioclimax help to protect wildlife/habitats
- controlled burning
- controlled cattle grazing
- controlled mowing
give examples of the provision of things can help to protect wildlife/habitats
- food
- nesting sites
- biological corridors
the removal of ___________ species can help conservation.
introduced species
name 2 ways that visitors can be prevented from harming habitat
- restricted areas
- restricted activities
- regulating no. of visitors
- having designated paths
Named wildlife and habitats:
- Sand dunes = ___ ______
- heathlands = reptiles and _________
- shipwrecks = fish and _____
- Ponds = ____
- sand lizards
- butterflies
- corals
- newts
What does agri-environmental schemes do?
rewards + encourage environmentally beneficial development
Name at least 2 of the 4 agri-environmental schemes
- Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA)
- Countryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS)
- Environmental Stewardship Scheme (ESS)
- Countryside Stewardship (CS)
name 3 of the 5 aims of the agri-environmental scheme
- conserve biodiversity
- protect historic environment
- promote public access and understanding
- protect natural resources
- maintain and enhance landscape quality + character
Name at least 4 features that could be part of the agri-environmental scheme
- beetle banks
- field buffer strips
- wild bird seeds
- low input grasslands
- hedgerow/stone wall/ditch management
Meaning and role of SSSI, who it’s designated by and example
Sites of Special Scientific Investigation = biological or physiographic interest
- UK legislation
+ Studland/Southampton Common
Meaning and role NNR, who it’s designated by and example
National Nature Reserve = owned/controlled areas to protect habitat/geological formations
- Uk legislation
+ Lundy Island/ Solent Water
Meaning and role of SAC, who it’s designated by and example
Special Area of Conservation = ensures biodiversity by protection of significant habitats
- EU (legislation) Habitats directive
+ Brown moss/ SAC in Shropshire
Meaning and role SPA, who it’s designated by and example
Special Protected Area = protects habitats for rare birds
- EU (legislation) Birds Directive
+ The New Forest/Avon Valley
Meaning and role of MNR, who it’s designated by and example
Marine Nature Reserve = conserve marine habitats
- UK legislation
+ Lundy and Skomer Island
Meaning and role of LNR, who it’s designated by and example
Local Nature Reserve = conservation of nature, research/employment
- UK legislation
+ Manor farm, Itchen Valley
role of Ramsar Sites, who it’s designated by and example
= protects areas of important wetland
- international
+ Avon Valley/Broadlands
Meaning and role of MPA, who it’s designated by and example
Marine Protected Area = protects areas of oceans and restricts human activities
- EU legislation
+ The Needles/Solan Bank Reefs
meaning and role of MCZ, who its designated by and example
Marine Conservation Zone = protects important habitat/wildlife
- UK legislation
+ The Needles
define the role of CITES
regulates international trade of endangered species and their products. It also reduces the demand and therefore profit of these products
what is Appendix 1? and examples
- species that are most endangered, threatened with extinction
- trading banned except for breeding programmes
+ all big cats, all apes, all rhinos
what is Appendix 2? and examples
- species may be threatened with extinction if trade not controlled
- trade allowed from countries where species is protected
+ green iguana, basking shark
what does IWC stand for and what is the aim?
International Whaling Commission = control whaling to ensure sustainable exploitation
Name 3 regulations of the IWC
- total protection of some species
- setting limits on how many taken
- designated sanctuaries
- protection of mothers/calves
- carrying out research
what does EU CFP stand for and what is the aim?
European Union Common Fisheries Policy = ensure sustainable harvesting of fish thru series of regulations in EU
What does ITTO stand for and what is the aim?
International Tropical Timber Organisation = encourages sustainable management of tropical species
Name at least 4 of the 6 criteria for selection of species for captive breeding
- reproduce quickly
- wide range of tolerance
- low age of sexual maturity
- small individuals
- large no. of young
- small gestation period
define in-situ conservation
- conserving wildlife in natural habitat
- protects community of species not just individual selected species
define ex-situ conservation
- conserving wildlife outside natural habitat
- used when conserving in habitat impossible or insufficient
difficulties with captive breeding:
- too small ________ = possible _______ (i.e. bison)
- species too _____ or mobile (i.e. whales)
- specific ___ =difficult to provide (i.e. pandas)
- unable to recreate ______ conditions, _____ range of tolerance
- unable to keep large _____ (i.e. flamingos)
- ___ breeding success rate (i.e. pandas)
- interrelationships (i.e. plants with specific _________)
- financial constraints (i.e. expensive to house animals and ______ people)
- population, inbreeding
- large
- diet
- abiotic, narrow
- groups
- low
- pollinators
- employ
define artificial insemination + benefits
semen obtained from male, inserted into female
+ egg more likely to be fertilised
+ semen can be stored for many years
+ semen transported to other zoos
define embryo transfer + benefits
embryo collected from a female. Sperm injected into egg. Embryo implanted into another female.
+ closely related species surrogate mothers
+ more offspring produced
+ semen/embryos stored
define provision of suitable abiotic factors + example
abiotic factors manipulated inorder to maximise success
+ temp controls gender of reptile. Control temp, control ratio of gender
what is recreating pop. dynamics and conditions for breeding?
- ensure right ratio to male: female
- large habitat/size
- using studbooks between zoos to monitor fam history, stops inbreeding
define hard release
- releasing organism with no post-release support
- species which behaviour controlled by instinct, don’t need to learn new survival skills
+ insects, fish, reptiles
define soft release
- post release support. Gradual release, acclimatises.
+ birds
+ mammals
how is the association with humans solved?
limit contact with humans
the organism may not be immune to local diseases. How is this solved?
vaccinations
there may be unsuitable age/gender ratio. How is that solved?
releasing enough so there are enough breeding pairs
loss of original habitat/threat may still exist. How is that solved?
released in protected area, monitor them
the organism may have lack of survival skills. How is that solved?
allow them to develop key skills in captivity i.e. not just giving food directly to them
