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Environmental science > Aquaculture > Flashcards

Aquaculture Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is intensive aquaculture?

A
  • high levels of controlled inputs
  • productivity high
  • efficiency low
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2
Q

give an example of intensive aquaculture

A

salmon + rainbow trout

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3
Q

what is extensive aquaculture?

A
  • low levels of input
  • productivity low
  • efficiency high
  • often over a large area
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4
Q

give an example of extensive aquaculture

A

oyster farms

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5
Q

what are the 5 factors (NOT ABIOTIC) controlled in fishing?

A
  1. Species selection
  2. Breeding/genetic control
  3. Disease control
  4. Control of competition
  5. Control of nutrition
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6
Q

why is species selection important?

A
  1. desirable characteristics i.e. rapid growth rate

2. local conditions i.e. salinity

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7
Q

give an example of a species selected

A

salmon suited to cool H2O = temperate environments

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8
Q

why is breeding/genetic control important?

A
  1. to create monosex cultures

2. to create triploid fish = infertile

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9
Q

how can breeding and gender be controlled?

A

injected with hormones to change gender

i.e. rainbow trout females injected with male hormones, genetically female = females produces

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10
Q

if stocking density too ____ diseases spread more easily as there’s more _____

A

high, contact

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11
Q

give 5 ways to control disease

A
  1. reduce stocking density
  2. biological control i.e. wrasse consumes lice
  3. pesticides
  4. antibiotics
  5. circulating H2O currents
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12
Q

name the 4 ways to control competition/ predation

A
  1. culling
  2. fencing
  3. better cage designs
  4. bird netting scarrers
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13
Q

why have high stocking densities?

A

more yield per unit area

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14
Q

why are herbivorous fish easier to feed?

A

likely to find food in lagoons

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15
Q

why are carnivorous fish harder to feed?

A

artificial feeding using low value fish i.e. anchovy (contain correct proteins/oils to maximise efficiency of growth)

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16
Q

name the 4 abiotic factors that should be controlled

A
  1. temp
  2. dissolved O2
  3. daylength
  4. water flow
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17
Q

why is controlling temp important? (2)

A
  1. different species = different range of tolerance

2. warmer temps increase metabolic rate BUT reduce O2 levels

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18
Q

why is controlling dissolved O2 levels important? (2)

A
  1. need to be aerated at high stocking densities

2. OM removed (no deoxygenation)

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19
Q

why is day length important? (2)

A
  1. effects reproduction

2. longer daylength delays maturation = increases size of fish

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20
Q

why is waterflow important? (2)

A
  1. fish swim in same direction = less collisions

2. same direction = allows higher stock density

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21
Q

aquaculture replacing fishing relies on…

A

food requirements + trophic levels

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22
Q

what is the issue of replacing fishing with aquaculture when feeding carnivores?

A

overfishing of less economical fish i.e. sandeel, reduction in pop. of puffins

23
Q

define food conversion ratio

A

quantity of food required to produce a unit of growth

24
Q

why is aquaculture better than agriculture when it comes to trophic levels?

A

fish have low basal metabolic rates (no energy lost to keep warm) = higher food conversion ratios

25
Q

examples of elimination of predators (2)

A
  • removal of crabs in oyster aquaculture

- culling of seals

26
Q

a method to reduce elimination of predators in aquaculture

A

better cage designs prevent predators entering + consuming stock

27
Q

what is the issue of farming non indigenous fish

A

could escape and outcompete/predate native ones

28
Q

how can we safely farm non-indigenous fish so they don’t harm the wild pop.? + example

A
  1. make them infertile (triploid)
  2. breed fish that can’t breed in that climate/area
    + Japanese Oysters in UK (cannot breed in cold temps)
29
Q

importance of controlling lice? (2)

A
  1. reduce fish growth

2. can spread to other pops.

30
Q

name 3 ways to control lice

A
  1. biological control (wrasse eat lice)
  2. hydrogen peroxide wash
  3. organophosphate pesticide
31
Q

how can the gene pool be reduced? (2)

A
  • selecting the same characteristics

- inbreeding

32
Q

how to increase gene pool?

A

chose a variety of characteristics

33
Q

how can the wild gene pool be effected?

A

escaped fish could breed with wild ones

34
Q

how to prevent wild gene pool impacts? (2)

A
  1. triploid fish

2. better cage designs

35
Q

what is the issue with OM pollution?

A

causes deoxygenation

36
Q

solutions to prevent OM pollution? (3)

A
  1. cages located near currents
  2. feeding monitored = less waste
  3. effluent treatment works
37
Q

what is the issue with using pesticides?

A

could kill wildlife

38
Q

solutions for pesticides (2)

A
  1. mechanical cleaning

2. biological control

39
Q

example of habitat loss due to aquaculture

A

10% of mangroves destroyed to create shrimp farms

40
Q

how to avoid habitat loss

A

careful site selection, avoiding vulnerable/valuable areas

41
Q

how to reduce food supply impacts? (2)

A
  1. farming herbivorous fish i.e. tilapia

2. plant products in pellets

42
Q

using antibiotics on fish could cause antibiotic resistant bacteria which could…

A

spread to humans

43
Q

describe polyculture

A

rearing different species together which increases productivity

44
Q

the importance of selective rearing of predators in polycultures?

A

increase production of larger fish by eating smaller fish which could compete with the larger ones i.e. catfish

45
Q

the importance of bottom feeding organisms in polycultures?

A

disturbs sediments, increase nutrients = increase growth of plants

46
Q

give an example of a bottom feeder

A

common carp

47
Q

describe what an integrated multi trophic aquaculture is

A

polyculture system with different trophic levels which benefit from each other

48
Q

describe what fed aquaculture is in multi trophic aquaculture

A

species given food i.e. salmon

49
Q

describe what inorganic extractive is in multi trophic aquaculture

A

species that absorb inorganic nutrients i.e. algae

50
Q

describe what organic extractive is in multi trophic aquaculture

A

species that consumes OM i.e. filter shellfish

51
Q

describe what aquaponics is

A
  1. H2O used in aquaculture used in hydroponic system (contains OM)
  2. plants use nutrients from OM
  3. increased productivity
  4. H2O returned to aquaculture
  5. aquaculture H2O = doesn’t contain OM
52
Q

name 2 suitable hydroponic species

A

lettuce, watercress

53
Q

name 2 suitable aquaculture species

A

carp, tilapia

Environmental science (19 decks)

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