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My Medical Terminology > The Human Body in Health & Disease > Flashcards

The Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards

Chapter 2

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anatomical Reference Systems

A

Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities

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2
Q

Structures of the Body

A

The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly

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3
Q

Genetics

A

The genetic components that snsfer characteristics from parents to their child

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4
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions

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5
Q

Glands

A

A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

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6
Q

Body Systems and Related Organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems

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7
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

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8
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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9
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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10
Q

anter/o

A

before, front

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11
Q

caud/o

A

lower part of body, tail

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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14
Q

-cyte

A

cell

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15
Q

end-

A

in, within, inside

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16
Q

endo-

A

in, within, inside

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17
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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18
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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19
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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20
Q

-ology

A

the science or study of

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21
Q

path/o

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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22
Q

-pathy

A

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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23
Q

-plasia

A

development, growth, formation

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24
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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25
Q

-stasis

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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26
Q

-static

A

control, maintenance of a constant level

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27
Q

plas/o
plas/i

A

formation

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28
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the major organs of digestion

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29
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body

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30
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like stucture

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31
Q

anaplasia

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

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32
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33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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39
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40
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41
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42
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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43
Q

anomaly

A

a deviation from what is regarded as normal

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44
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front

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45
Q

aplasia

A

the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue

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46
Q

atresia

A

congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage

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47
Q

autopsy

A

a postmortem examination

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48
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids

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49
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body

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50
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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51
Q

chromosome

A

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

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52
Q

communicable disease

A

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

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53
Q

congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

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54
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

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55
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

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56
Q

dorsal

A

the back of the organ or body

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57
Q

dysplasia

A

the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue

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58
Q

endemic

A

the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area

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59
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones, do not have ducts

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60
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

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61
Q

epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

62
Q

etiology

A

the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions

63
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

64
Q

functional disorder

A

a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified

65
Q

genetic disorder

A

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

66
Q

geriatrician

A

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

67
Q

hemophilia

A

a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

68
Q

histology

A

the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

69
Q

homeostasis

A

the proceses through which the body maintains a constant inernal environment

70
Q

hyperplasia

A

an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ

71
Q

hypertrophy

A

a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues

72
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach

73
Q

hypoplasia

A

the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

74
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

75
Q

idiopathic disease

A

any disease without a known cause.

76
Q

infectious disease

A

an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

77
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.

78
Q

medial

A

the direction toward, or, nearer the midline.

79
Q

mesentery

A

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

80
Q

midsagittal plane

A

also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

81
Q

nosocomial infection

A

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

82
Q

pandemic

A

an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide

83
Q

pathology

A

the study of disease.

84
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

85
Q

peritoneum

A

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

86
Q

peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneum.

87
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body.

88
Q

posterior

A

situated in the back or on the back part of an organ

89
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

90
Q

retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum

91
Q

stem cells

A

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

92
Q

syndrome

A

a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process

93
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs

94
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

95
Q

umbilicus

A

commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

96
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors

97
Q

ventral

A

refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body

98
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

99
Q

frontal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane , it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane

100
Q

ventr

A

belly side of the body

101
Q

Superior

A

uppermost, above, or toward the head

102
Q

Inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

103
Q

Lateral

A

the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Lateral is the opposite of medial

104
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity

105
Q

cranial cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

106
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the skull

107
Q

spinal cavity

A

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

108
Q

ventral cavity

A

located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis

109
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as the chest cavity or thorax , surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs

110
Q

diaphragm

A

a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

111
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the major organs of digestion. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen

112
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

113
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

There is no physical division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities. refers to these two cavities as a single unit

114
Q

groin

A

the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh

115
Q

hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs; hypochondriac also means an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health

116
Q

Parietal

A

cavity wall

117
Q

Visceral

A

relating to the internal organs

118
Q

somatic stem cells

A

Adult stem cells

119
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell

120
Q

gamete

A

sex cell

121
Q
A
122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q
A
125
Q
A
126
Q

Ana-

A

Backward

127
Q

-plasia

A

Formation

128
Q

Dys-

A

Bad

129
Q

-trophy

A

Development

130
Q

Aden

A

Gland

131
Q

Eti-

A

Cause

132
Q

Dem

A

Population

133
Q

Organic disorder

A

produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body

134
Q

idi/o

A

Particular to the individual

135
Q

health care proxy (HCP)

A

also referred to as a durable power of attorney for health care , is an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a family member of close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable make them

136
Q

living will

A

also known as Physician’s Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), is a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions

137
Q

Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)

A

also known as no code or allow natural death , is a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient’s heart or breathing stop

138
Q

Allied health professions

A

include roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy

139
Q

Internist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

140
Q

ger

A

Old age

141
Q

-iatrics

A

Field of medicine

142
Q

hospitalist

A

a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

143
Q

Telemetry unit

A

provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care

144
Q

A & P

A

anatomy and physiology

145
Q

GP

A

General practitioner

146
Q

HD

A

Huntingtons disease

147
Q

LLQ

A

Lower left quadrant

148
Q

LUQ

A

Lower upper quadrant

149
Q

RLQ

A

Right lower quadrant

150
Q

RUQ

A

Right upper quadrant

My Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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