The Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards
Chapter 2 (150 cards)
1
Q
Anatomical Reference Systems
A
Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities
2
Q
Structures of the Body
A
The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly
3
Q
Genetics
A
The genetic components that snsfer characteristics from parents to their child
4
Q
Tissues
A
A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
5
Q
Glands
A
A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions
6
Q
Body Systems and Related Organs
A
Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems
7
Q
Pathology
A
The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function
8
Q
aden/o
A
gland
9
Q
adip/o
A
fat
10
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
11
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of body, tail
12
Q
cephal/o
A
head
13
Q
cyt/o
A
cell
14
Q
-cyte
A
cell
15
Q
end-
A
in, within, inside
16
Q
endo-
A
in, within, inside
17
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
18
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
19
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
20
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
21
Q
path/o
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
22
Q
-pathy
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
23
Q
-plasia
A
development, growth, formation
24
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
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-stasis
control, maintenance of a constant level
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-static
control, maintenance of a constant level
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plas/o
plas/i
formation
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abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion
29
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body
30
adenoma
benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like stucture
31
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
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anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
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anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
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anterior
situated in the front
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aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
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atresia
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
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autopsy
a postmortem examination
48
bloodborne transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids
49
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
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cephalic
toward the head
51
chromosome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
52
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
53
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
54
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
55
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
56
dorsal
the back of the organ or body
57
dysplasia
the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
58
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
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endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts
60
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
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epigastric region
located above the stomach
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etiology
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
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exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
64
functional disorder
a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
65
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
66
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
67
hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
68
histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
69
homeostasis
the proceses through which the body maintains a constant inernal environment
70
hyperplasia
an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ
71
hypertrophy
a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues
72
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
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hypoplasia
the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
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iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
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idiopathic disease
any disease without a known cause.
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infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
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inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
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medial
the direction toward, or, nearer the midline.
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mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
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midsagittal plane
also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
81
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
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pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide
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pathology
the study of disease.
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pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
85
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
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peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum.
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physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body.
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posterior
situated in the back or on the back part of an organ
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proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
90
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
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stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
92
syndrome
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process
93
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
94
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
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vector-borne transmission
is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors
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ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
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sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
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frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane , it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane
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ventr
belly side of the body
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Superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
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Inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
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Lateral
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Lateral is the opposite of medial
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dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity
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cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
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cranial
pertaining to the skull
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spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
108
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
109
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax , surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
110
diaphragm
a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
111
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen
112
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
113
abdominopelvic cavity
There is no physical division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities. refers to these two cavities as a single unit
114
groin
the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
115
hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs; hypochondriac also means an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health
116
Parietal
cavity wall
117
Visceral
relating to the internal organs
118
somatic stem cells
Adult stem cells
119
Embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell
120
gamete
sex cell
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123
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Ana-
Backward
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-plasia
Formation
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Dys-
Bad
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-trophy
Development
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Aden
Gland
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Eti-
Cause
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Dem
Population
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Organic disorder
produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body
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idi/o
Particular to the individual
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health care proxy (HCP)
also referred to as a durable power of attorney for health care , is an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a family member of close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable make them
136
living will
also known as Physician’s Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), is a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions
137
Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)
also known as no code or allow natural death , is a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient’s heart or breathing stop
138
Allied health professions
include roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy
139
Internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
140
ger
Old age
141
-iatrics
Field of medicine
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hospitalist
a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
143
Telemetry unit
provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
144
A & P
anatomy and physiology
145
GP
General practitioner
146
HD
Huntingtons disease
147
LLQ
Lower left quadrant
148
LUQ
Lower upper quadrant
149
RLQ
Right lower quadrant
150
RUQ
Right upper quadrant
