The Human Body in Health & Disease Flashcards
Chapter 2
Anatomical Reference Systems
Terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities
Structures of the Body
The cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly
Genetics
The genetic components that snsfer characteristics from parents to their child
Tissues
A group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
Glands
A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions
Body Systems and Related Organs
Organs are somewhat independent parts of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems
Pathology
The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function
aden/o
gland
adip/o
fat
anter/o
before, front
caud/o
lower part of body, tail
cephal/o
head
cyt/o
cell
-cyte
cell
end-
in, within, inside
endo-
in, within, inside
exo-
out of, outside, away from
hist/o
tissue
-ologist
specialist
-ology
the science or study of
path/o
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
-pathy
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
-plasia
development, growth, formation
poster/o
behind, toward the back
-stasis
control, maintenance of a constant level
-static
control, maintenance of a constant level
plas/o
plas/i
formation
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body
adenoma
benign tumor that starts in the epithelial tissue of a gland or gland-like stucture
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
anatomy
the study of the structures of the body
anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
anterior
situated in the front
aplasia
the defective development, or the congenital absence, of an organ or tissue
atresia
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
autopsy
a postmortem examination
bloodborne transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids
caudal
toward the lower part of the body
cephalic
toward the head
chromosome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
communicable disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
dorsal
the back of the organ or body
dysplasia
the abnormal development or growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
endemic
the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
endocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts
epidemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
epigastric region
located above the stomach
etiology
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
functional disorder
a condition that produced physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
genetic disorder
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
geriatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
hemophilia
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
histology
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
homeostasis
the proceses through which the body maintains a constant inernal environment
hyperplasia
an increase in he number of cells in a tissue or organ
hypertrophy
a general increase In the bulk of a body part or organ due to an increase in the size, but not the number, of cells in the tissues
hypogastric region
located below the stomach
hypoplasia
the underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
idiopathic disease
any disease without a known cause.
infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen.
medial
the direction toward, or, nearer the midline.
mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
midsagittal plane
also known as the midline, the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
nosocomial infection
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
pandemic
an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, sometimes even worldwide
pathology
the study of disease.
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
peritoneum
a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum.
physiology
the study of the functions of the structures of the body.
posterior
situated in the back or on the back part of an organ
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
syndrome
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax; surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
transverse plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
umbilicus
commonly known as the belly button or navel, this pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
vector-borne transmission
is the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors
ventral
refers to the front, or belly side, of the organ or body
sagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
frontal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane , it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane
ventr
belly side of the body
Superior
uppermost, above, or toward the head
Inferior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
Lateral
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Lateral is the opposite of medial
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity
cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
cranial
pertaining to the skull
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
ventral cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
thoracic cavity
also known as the chest cavity or thorax , surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
diaphragm
a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
abdominal cavity
contains the major organs of digestion. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen
pelvic cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
abdominopelvic cavity
There is no physical division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities. refers to these two cavities as a single unit
groin
the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs; hypochondriac also means an individual with an abnormal concern about his or her health
Parietal
cavity wall
Visceral
relating to the internal organs
somatic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated cells that have the important ability to form any adult cell
gamete
sex cell
Ana-
Backward
-plasia
Formation
Dys-
Bad
-trophy
Development
Aden
Gland
Eti-
Cause
Dem
Population
Organic disorder
produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes in the body
idi/o
Particular to the individual
health care proxy (HCP)
also referred to as a durable power of attorney for health care , is an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a family member of close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patient be unable make them
living will
also known as Physician’s Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment (POLST), is a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions
Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)
also known as no code or allow natural death , is a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a patient’s heart or breathing stop
Allied health professions
include roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy
Internist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
ger
Old age
-iatrics
Field of medicine
hospitalist
a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
Telemetry unit
provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
A & P
anatomy and physiology
GP
General practitioner
HD
Huntingtons disease
LLQ
Lower left quadrant
LUQ
Lower upper quadrant
RLQ
Right lower quadrant
RUQ
Right upper quadrant
