The Digestive System Flashcards
an/o
anus, ring
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
col/o
colon, large intestine
colon/o
colon, large intestine
-emesis
vomiting
enter/o
small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach, belly
hepat/o
liver
-lithiasis
presence of stones
-pepsia
digest, digestion
-phagia
eating, swallowing
proct/o
anus and rectum
rect/o
rectum, straight
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
aerophagia
excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking and is a common cause of gas in the stomach.
anastomosis
a surgical connection between two hollow or tubular structures.
antiemetic
medication administered to prevent or relieve nausea and vomiting.
ascites
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
bariatrics
the branch of medicine for the prevention and management of obesity and associated diseases.
borborygmus
the rumbling noise caused by the movement of gas in the intestine.
cachexia
physical wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer and AIDS.
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canker sores
gray-white pits (aphthous ulcers) with a red border in the soft tissues lining the mouth.
celiac disease
an autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to ingesting gluten.
cheilitis
inflammation of the lips characterized by crack-like sores at the corners of the mouth, also known as cheilosis.
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with the use of a contrast medium.
cholangitis
acute inflammation of the bile duct characterized by pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, fever, and jaundice.
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the galbladder.
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, usually associated with gallstones blocking the flow of bile.
cholelithiasis
the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
cirrhosis
a chronic degenerative disease of the liver characterized by scarring.
colonoscopy
direct visual examination of the inner surface of the entire colon from the rectum to the cecum using a colonoscope.
colostomy
surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface.
Crohn’s disease
a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon.
dental prophylaxis
professional examining, cleaning, and polishing of the gums and teeth to remove plaque and tartar.
diverticulitis
inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the wall of the colon.
diverticulosis
the chronic presence of an abnormal number of diverticula, or sacs, formed in weak spots of the colon wall.
dyspepsia
pain or discomfort in digestion.
dysphagia
difficulty in swallowing.
endoscopy
a visual examination of internal structures.
enema
the placement of a solution into the rectum and colon to empty the lower intestine through bowel activity.
enteritis
an inflammation of the small intestine caused by ingesting substances contaminated with viral or bacterial pathogens which causes diarrhea.
eructation
the act of belching or raising gas orally from the stomach.
esophageal varices
enlarged and swollen veins at the lower end of the esophagus.
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
an endoscopic procedure that allows direct visualization of the upper GI tract.
gastroduodenostomy
the establishment of an anastomosis between the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum.
gastroesophageal reflux disease
the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus.
gastroparesis
a condition in which gastric motility slows down, causing delayed gastric emptying
gastrostomy tube
a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body directly on the abdomen, directly into the stomach.
hematemesis
the vomiting of coagulated blood.
Hemoccult test
a laboratory test for hidden blood in the stool.
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver usually caused by a viral infection.
hiatal hernia
an anatomical abnormality in which a portion of the stomach protrudes upward into the chest, through an opening in the diaphragm.
hyperemesis
extreme, persistent vomiting that can cause dehydration.
ileus
partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine.
inguinal hernia
the protrusion of a small loop of bowel through a weak place in the lower abdominal wall or groin.
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes.
leukoplakia
“an abnormal white, usually benign lesion (sore) that develops on the tongue or the inside of the cheek, develop in response to chronic irritation in the mouth such as smoking, chewing tobacco, or constant rubbing against a broken tooth.”
malocclusion
any deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth.
melena
the passage of black, tarry, and foul-smelling stools.
nasogastric intubation
the placement of a nasogastric feeding tube through the nose and into the stomach.
obesity
an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.
palatoplasty
surgical repair of a cleft palate or cleft lip.
peptic ulcer disease
a disease characterized by sores that affect the mucous membranes of the digestive system.
peristalsis
a series of wave-like contractions of the smooth muscles in a single direction that moves the food forward into the digestive system.
polyp
a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane.
proctologist
a physician who specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus.
regurgitation
the return of swallowed food into the mouth.
salmonellosis
an infectious disease transmitted by feces, either through direct contact with animals, or by eating contaminated raw or undercooked meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs or unpasteurized milk products.
sigmoidoscopy
the endoscopic examination of the interior of the rectum, sigmoid colon, and possibly a portion of the descending colon.
stomatitis
inflammation of the mucosa of the mouth.
trismus
any restriction to the opening of the mouth caused by trauma, surgery, or radiation associated with the treatment of oral cancer.
ulcerative colitis
a chronic condition of unknown cause in which repeated episodes of inflammation of the rectum and large intestine cause ulcers and irritation.
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself, causing an obstruction.
xerostomia
the lack of adequate saliva due to diminished secretions by the salivary glands.
