The human body (chapter 4)

Question 1

what are the 4 anatomical terms and describe them.

Answer 1

1. Anatomical position: patient body stands erect with arms down
2. Supine position: patient is laying on their back face up
3. Prone position: patient is laying face down on their stomach
4. Lateral recumbent position: patient is laying on their side also know as HAINES position

Question 2

What Does Superior, inferior, anterior and posterior mean?

Answer 2

• Superior: towards/ closer to the head
• Inferior: towards/ closer to the feet
• anterior: towards the front
• Posterior: towards the back

Question 3

What does Medial, lateral, Proximal and Distal mean?

Answer 3

• Medial: towards the midline/center of the body
• Lateral: left or right of the midline
• Proximal: close or near to the point of reference
• Distal: distance or further from the point of interest

Question 4

What does Superficial, Deep, Internal, External, anatomical regions mean?

Answer 4

• Superficial: near to surface
• Deep: remote or far from the surface
• Internal: means inside
• external: means outside
• anatomical regions: external landmarks of the body

Question 5

What are the 3 main cavities and briefly describe them.

Answer 5

1. Thoracic cavity: Chest cavity
   
   1. contains lung and hearts
   2. contains diaphragm: a muscle that moves up and down during respiration (separates from abdomen)
2. abdominal cavity:
   
   1. Contains stomach, intestine, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas and kidneys
3. Pelvic Cavity:
   
   1. Bound by lower part of the spine, the hipbones and pubis
   2. Protects lower abdomen including: bladder, rectum, female and male reproductive organs

1.

Question 6

What is the Musculoskeletal System?

Answer 6

made of of skeleton and muscle and helps provide shape to the body and protection to internal organs and structures

Question 7

What is bone and how are they held together?

Answer 7

Bone is composed of living cells and non-living matter (calcium) held together by ligaments and tendons

Ligaments: bone to bone

tendons: muscle to bone

Question 8

What are 6 major parts of the skeleton?

Answer 8

• Skull
• Spinal comlum:
  
  • consits of 5 sections and 33 vertebrea
• Thorax:
  
  • rib cages (protects the heart)
• Pelvis
• Shoulder girdle
• extremitites

Question 9

What are the 3 different types of muscles and what do they do?

Answer 9

1. Skeletal muscle: “voluntary muscle”
   
   1. shapes body
   2. makes possible deliberate acts such as walking
2. Smooth muscle: “involuntary muscle”
   
   1. Made up of long fibers
   2. found in tube like organs
   3. person has little to no control over this muscle
3. Cardiac muscle: Makes up the heart
   
   1. able to stimulate itself to contract even when disconnected from brain

Question 10

How many times does a heart beat per min for a adult a baby, toddler and child?

Answer 10

• babies (birth to 3 months of age): 100–150 beats per minute.
• kids 1–3 years old: 70–110 beats per minute.
• kids by age 12: 55–85 beats per minute.
• Adults: 60-80 bpm

Question 11

What are the upper and lower chambers called in the heart? And which side receives Oxygenated blooded and which receives deoxygenated blood?

Answer 11

• Upper chambers: Atria
• Lower chambers: Ventricles

Right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs and the Left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Question 12

What do Blood vessels, arteries/arterioles, capillaries and venules/veins do?

Answer 12

• Blood vessels: are a closed system that moves blood around to different parts of the body
• Arteries/arterioles: take blood away from the heart to the capillaries
• Capillaries: Distributors, smallest vessels, exchange fluid, o2, co2 between tissues cells
• Venules/veins: Collectors, carries blood back to the heart

Question 13

What are the 4 pulse points and where can they be found?

Answer 13

1. Carotid pulse point: On either side of the neck
2. Brachial pulse point: inside of arm between elbow and shoulder
3. radial pulse point: inside of the wrist
4. Femoral pulse point: in the crease between abdomen and thight

Question 14

What are the 2 main parts of the nervous system and what are the 2 main functions and how does it achieve the functions

Answer 14

• Central nervous system: Composed of brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system: Composed of nerves

2 main functions is to communicate and control

Nerves ⇐⇒ Spinal cord ⇐⇒ Brain

This is achieved by either voluntary or involuntary movements

Question 15

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 15

It controls the involuntary movement by nerve tissue that regulates heart rate, BP, respiration, digestion

Question 16

What structures are in the respiratory system and briefly describe them

Answer 16

• Pharynx: Being the mouth and is divided into two parts the Oropharynx and the nasopharynx
• Trachea: “windpipe” airway to the lungs, contains cartilage rings
• Epiglottis: “leaf shaped” structure prevents food and water from going down the trachea
• Bronchi: The section where the trachea splits into 2 becomes smaller and until it is Bronchioles and ends at the Alveoli

Question 17

What happens during Inspiration (inhaling)

Answer 17

1. muscles of the thorax contract moving ribs out and up
2. the diaphragm contracts and lowers allowing air to enter

Air enters body

nose/mouth⇒ larynx⇒ trachea⇒ Bronchi⇒ Bronchioles⇒ alveoli

Air is exchanged through single cell layer

Question 18

What happens during Expiration (exhaling)

Answer 18

1. muscles of the thorax relax moving ribs down and in
2. diaphragm relaxes and moves up expelling air

Question 19

What are differences in the respiratory structures in children?

Answer 19

• The structures are more prone to becoming blocked by blood, objects, swelling because they are much smaller
• the tongue is larger in infants and can easily obstruct airway
• trachea is more narrow and flexible and can easily become closed if the neck its tilted to much
• Primary cause of cardiac arrest in children is a respiratory problem
  
  • children rely heavily on their diaphragm because their chest walls are softer
• excessive diaphragm movement can be a indicator of a respiratory problem in child

Question 20

What are the 3 layers of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

1. Epidermis: the outermost later
2. Dermis: second layer contains vast network of blood vessels
3. Hypodermis: deepest layer contains hair follicles, sweat/oil glands, sensory nerves and just below that is a fatty layer

Question 21

What are the 2 processes of digestions?

Answer 21

• Mechanical: includes chewing, swallowing, rhythmic movements, defecation
• Chemical: breaking down food into components that can be absorbed

Question 22

What are the organs involved in the digestive system?

Answer 22

• stomach
• pancreas
• gallbladder
• small intestine
• large intestine
• liver
• mouth
• esophagus

Question 23

What does the urinary system do and what structures does it consist of?

Answer 23

Filters blood and excretes waste from body, and helps maintain and balance of water and chemicals

• 2 kidneys
• 2 ureters
• urinary bladder
• urethra

Question 24

What is the endocrine system made of up and what do they do?

Answer 24

Made of of Endocrine glands which regulate body by secreting hormones directly into blood stream.

Can affect physical strength, mental ability, reproduction, hair growth

Question 25

What glands are included in the endocrine system?

Answer 25

• Thyroid
• parathyroid
• adrenals
• ovaries
• testes
• islets of Langerhans
• pituitary

Question 26

What role does the pancreas have in the endocrine system?

Answer 26

It secretes Insulin which are important for maintaining blood sugar levels

Question 27

What do both the female and male reproductive system contain?

Answer 27

Male:
2 testes, accessory glands, duct system, penis

Female:

2 ovaries, 2 fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitals