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***1.0 *** YEAR 9 HISTORY FLASHCARDS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE PLAYED THESE GAMES BEFORE > The Holocaust > Flashcards

The Holocaust Flashcards

1
Q

What does Anti-Semitism mean?

A

Any hostility toward, or discrimination against, Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group.

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2
Q

What types of prejudice did Jews face historically?

A

Violence, scapegoating, and legal discrimination.

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3
Q

What historical event caused Jews to be seen as rivals to early Christians?

A

The establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire.

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4
Q

By the year 1000 CE, what was the religious landscape of Europe?

A

Almost everyone in Europe was Christian.

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5
Q

What were some false accusations made against Jews during the Middle Ages?

A

Jews were wrongly blamed for killing Jesus and poisoning wells during the Black Death.

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6
Q

What laws were often passed against Jews in different countries?

A

Laws that restricted jobs, forced them to live in ghettos, and required them to wear identifying clothing.

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7
Q

What happened to Jewish communities in Europe during times of crisis?

A

They were often scapegoated and faced brutal persecution.

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8
Q

What significant event occurred regarding Jews in England in 1290?

A

King Edward I ordered all Jews to leave the country.

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9
Q

When were the laws expelling Jews from England removed?

A

In 1655.

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10
Q

What tragic event occurred in York in 1190?

A

Around 150 Jewish people died after being trapped in a tower.

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11
Q

What accusation was made against Jews during the Black Death in 1348?

A

Jews were accused of poisoning wells.

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12
Q

What does the term ‘pogrom’ refer to?

A

Violent riots aimed at the persecution of Jews.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ became the first European country to expel Jewish people.

A

England

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14
Q

What was the consequence of the harvest failure in Russia in 1885 for local Jews?

A

They were blamed for the famine and ordered to leave.

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15
Q

True or False: The relationship between Jews and non-Jews was always peaceful throughout history.

A

False

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16
Q

What was one reason for the increasing anti-Jewish sentiment in England during the 1100s?

A

Jews were wrongly accused of murdering Christian children.

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17
Q

What did Jewish people have to do to identify themselves in some countries?

A

Wear hats, badges, or certain items of clothing.

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18
Q

What was a common result of Jewish expulsions from various countries?

A

Movement of Jewish refugees across Europe and beyond.

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19
Q

What was the Holocaust?

A

The mass killing of approximately six million Jews across Europe during World War II (1939-1945) by Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.

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20
Q

What did the Nazis intend to do regarding Jewish life in Europe?

A

Totally destroy Jewish life in Europe.

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21
Q

Define genocide.

A

Any act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.

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22
Q

What was the fate of Jews in Europe before the end of World War II?

A

Two-thirds of Jews who lived in Europe before the war were killed, including approximately 90 percent of all Jewish children.

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23
Q

What groups, besides Jews, were persecuted by the Nazis?

A

Roma and Sinti people, disabled people, gay men, Jehovah’s Witnesses, political opponents, Polish and Soviet civilians, and prisoners of war from the Soviet Union.

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24
Q

Estimate the number of Roma and Sinti people murdered during the Second World War.

A

Approximately 500,000.

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25
Q

True or False: The Holocaust only targeted Jewish people.

A

False.

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26
Q

Fill in the blank: The defeat of Nazi Germany and its allies in 1945 brought the _______ to an end.

A

killings.

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27
Q

What percentage of Jewish children were killed during the Holocaust?

A

Approximately 90 percent.

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28
Q

What year did Adolf Hitler and the Nazis come to power in Germany?

A

1933.

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29
Q

What significant event occurred in March 1933 regarding Jewish shops?

A

A boycott of Jewish shops was organised for one day

This was one of the first public acts of anti-Semitism under the Nazi regime.

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30
Q

What law was enacted in April 1933 concerning public service?

A

A law removed all Jewish and political opponents from public service

This marked the beginning of systematic exclusion of Jews from various professions.

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31
Q

What happened to Jewish school children in April 1933?

A

The number of Jewish school children was reduced and controlled

This action aimed to limit Jewish influence in education.

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32
Q

What action was taken in October 1933 regarding Jews and the media?

A

Jews were removed from the media

This was part of a broader effort to control public perception and information.

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33
Q

What was the significance of May 1935 for Jewish individuals in the military?

A

All Jews were removed from the army

This exclusion further marginalized Jews in German society.

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34
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws introduced in September 1935?

A
  1. ‘The Reich citizen law’
  2. Law for the protection of German Blood and German Honour

These laws institutionalized racial discrimination and defined citizenship based on ethnicity.

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35
Q

What did ‘The Reich citizen law’ declare?

A

Only those of German or related blood were eligible to be German citizens

This law excluded Jews and other non-Aryans from citizenship.

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36
Q

What was forbidden by the Law for the protection of German Blood and German Honour?

A

Marriages and sexual relations between Jews and Germans were forbidden

This law aimed to maintain the ‘purity’ of the German race.

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37
Q

What financial assistance was withdrawn in March 1936?

A

Withdrawal of financial assistance for Jewish children

This action added economic pressure on Jewish families.

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38
Q

What was implemented in October 1936 regarding Jewish teachers?

A

Jewish teachers were forbidden to teach non-Jewish children

This further isolated Jewish individuals from society.

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39
Q

What significant educational restriction was imposed on Jewish individuals in 1937?

A

Jewish people were unable to gain a university degree

This restriction limited educational opportunities for Jews.

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40
Q

What happened to Jewish doctors in 1938?

A

Jewish doctors lost their license to work

This trend soon extended to all lawyers and professional jobs.

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41
Q

What requirement was imposed on Jewish individuals regarding their wealth in 1938?

A

All Jews must tell the government how much wealth they have and where it is

This was part of the Nazi regime’s effort to confiscate Jewish property.

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42
Q

What changes were made to Jewish names in 1938?

A

Jewish women must have ‘Sara’ and Jewish men ‘Israel’ in their name

This was a means of further identifying and segregating Jews.

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43
Q

What stamp was required on Jewish passports in 1938?

A

A red ‘Jew’ stamp must be in all Jewish passports

This marked Jews for discrimination and increased scrutiny.

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44
Q

What restrictions were placed on Jewish children in 1938?

A

All Jewish children were banned from attending German schools

This aimed to eliminate Jewish influence in education.

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45
Q

What were park benches and shops designated for in 1938?

A

Park benches and shops were designated ‘for Aryans only’

This was part of the broader policy of segregation.

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46
Q

What distinctive clothing was forced upon Jews?

A

Jews were forced to wear a Star on their clothes

This served as a visible marker of their identity and status.

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47
Q

What event marked the beginning of the Second World War?

A

The German army attacked Poland in September 1939

48
Q

Which two armies invaded Poland in September 1939?

A

German army and Soviet army

49
Q

What was the name given to Nazi-occupied Poland?

A

‘General Government’

50
Q

How many Jews were approximately in the General Government?

A

Approximately 2 million

51
Q

What problem did the Nazis perceive regarding Polish Jews?

A

They regarded the large number of Polish Jews as a big problem

52
Q

What false belief did the Nazis hold about Jews?

A

That Jews spread diseases

53
Q

What was the purpose of creating ghettos?

A

To control Jews and separate them from others

54
Q

What were ghettos described as?

A

Sealed off areas where Jewish people could not leave or contact others

55
Q

What was the Nazis’ initial plan for the Jews in occupied Poland?

A

They considered ghettos as a temporary solution

56
Q

What was one of the options the Nazis considered for relocating Jews?

A

Moving them to the island of Madagascar

57
Q

In what year was the Madagascar plan first proposed?

A

1933

58
Q

True or False: Ghettos were intended to be a permanent solution for the Jewish population.

A

False

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The Nazis saw Jews as a ________ to their security.

A

threat

60
Q

What was the largest ghetto in Nazi-occupied Europe?

A

The Warsaw ghetto

It was located in Warsaw, Poland, and housed around 460,000 Jews.

61
Q

When was the Warsaw ghetto created?

A

October 1940

The ghetto was established to segregate and control the Jewish population.

62
Q

How many Jewish people died in the Warsaw ghetto by January 1941?

A

898

This number increased dramatically by August 1941.

63
Q

What was the death toll in the Warsaw ghetto by August 1941?

A

5,560

The increase in death rate was attributed to factors like overcrowding and starvation.

64
Q

What was the average number of people sharing a room in the Warsaw ghetto?

A

Seven to nine

This overcrowding contributed to the dire living conditions.

65
Q

Who were the Jewish councils (Juderäte) in the ghettos?

A

Committees of important Jewish men

They were responsible for running the ghetto and carrying out Nazi orders.

66
Q

What responsibilities did the Jewish councils have in the ghettos?

A
  • Distributing food rations
  • Organizing housing
  • Managing health services

They aimed to maintain order and provide essential services.

67
Q

Who was Adam Czerniakow?

A

Chairman of the Warsaw ghetto Jewish Council

He cooperated with the Nazis to save lives but ultimately faced moral dilemmas.

68
Q

What led Adam Czerniakow to take his own life?

A

He was ordered to round up Jews for ‘resettlement’ to the East

He refused to carry out orders that would lead to the deaths of children.

69
Q

What did Adam Czerniakow reportedly leave for his wife?

A

A note explaining his actions

The note stated, ‘They are demanding that I kill the children of my people with my own hands.’

70
Q

True or False: The existence of Jewish councils gave the ghetto population a sense of control over their fate.

A

True

The councils were used by the Nazis to manipulate the Jewish population.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The Jewish police force’s job was to keep _______ in ghettos.

A

order

They assisted the Jewish councils in managing the ghetto population.

72
Q

What was the main challenge faced by Jewish councils?

A

Impossible dilemmas

They had to balance cooperation with the Nazis and the welfare of their community.

73
Q

What was the ‘Final Solution’?

A

The Nazi plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish people during World War II

This plan involved the establishment of death camps and mass murder sites.

74
Q

List the six main death camps in Nazi-occupied Poland.

A
  • Chelmno
  • Belzec
  • Auschwitz-Birkenau
  • Sobibor
  • Treblinka
  • Majdanek

These camps were established for the mass extermination of Jews and other targeted groups.

75
Q

What was the operational period for Chelmno?

A

December 1941 - March 1943 / April - July 1944

Chelmno was the first death camp established by the Nazis.

76
Q

How many victims were there at Belzec?

A

434,500 victims

Belzec was operational from March to December 1942.

77
Q

What was the operational period for Auschwitz-Birkenau?

A

Spring 1942 - January 1945

Auschwitz-Birkenau became the largest death camp, with the highest number of victims.

78
Q

How many victims were there at Sobibor?

A

170,000 - 250,000 victims

Sobibor was operational from May 1942 to November 1943.

79
Q

What was the operational period for Treblinka?

A

July 1942 - September 1943

Treblinka was one of the most notorious death camps.

80
Q

How many victims were there at Majdanek?

A

78,000 victims

Majdanek was operational from October 1942 to December 1943.

81
Q

What percentage of Nazi-controlled land was occupied by the camps?

A

64%

The map indicates the extent of Nazi control and the locations of persecution.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: The main concentration camps were used for _______.

A

[systematic extermination of Jews and other targeted groups]

83
Q

True or False: The Holocaust included the establishment of ghettos.

A

True

Ghettos were used to confine Jews before their deportation to death camps.

84
Q

What does Figure 4.12 illustrate about the geography of the Holocaust?

A

It shows the locations of Nazi persecution and murder sites across Europe

This map raises questions about the scale and logistics of the Holocaust.

85
Q

Did the Jews fight back against the Nazis?

A

Yes, many Jews fought back and resisted the Nazis and their collaborators across Europe.

86
Q

Where did acts of resistance occur during the Holocaust?

A

Resistance occurred in ghettos, concentration camps, and death camps in every German-occupied country.

87
Q

What were some acts of resistance in the ghettos?

A
  • Taking photographs
  • Caring for the elderly
  • Going to concerts
  • Painting and drawing
  • Talking with friends
  • Reading diaries
  • Saying prayers
  • Getting married
  • Teaching children
  • Sharing food
  • Listening to the radio
  • Hiding from the enemy
  • Writing stories and poems
  • Singing songs
  • Attending religious services
88
Q

What was the condition of the ghettos during the Holocaust?

A

Conditions in the ghettos were appalling, and the Nazis did not treat Jews as human beings.

89
Q

What could happen to Jews caught doing ordinary activities in the ghettos?

A

They could be shot for doing ordinary things like holding religious services or going to school.

90
Q

What was a significant form of resistance that helped Jews survive in the ghettos?

A

Smuggling food into the ghettos was a very important form of resistance.

91
Q

Was fighting back against the Nazis easy for Jews in camps and ghettos?

A

No, it was incredibly difficult due to well-trained and heavily armed guards.

92
Q

What were the consequences of fighting back against the Nazis?

A

Fighting back would lead to certain death for the individuals involved and possibly for their family, friends, and neighbors.

93
Q

How many organized resistance movements were there in Jewish ghettos between 1941 and 1943?

A

There were organized resistance movements in 100 Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe.

94
Q

What happened to most Jews upon arrival at death camps?

A

Most Jews were gassed as soon as they arrived at death camps.

95
Q

What was the nature of resistance in death camps?

A

Resistance was very rare in death camps due to the weakness and unarmed status of Jewish prisoners.

96
Q

What occurred in Treblinka in August 1943?

A

Jewish prisoners seized weapons, set camp buildings on fire, and rushed the main gate.

97
Q

What happened during the Sobibor uprising in October 1943?

A

A dozen guards were killed, and around three hundred Jewish prisoners escaped.

98
Q

What did 250 prisoners accomplish in Auschwitz-Birkenau in October 1944?

A

They blew up buildings, attacked the camp guards, and escaped to the nearby forest.

99
Q

True or False: Most Jews who escaped from uprisings were able to survive the war.

A

False, most of those who escaped were later recaptured and killed.

100
Q

What was one of the most significant acts of armed resistance during the Holocaust?

A

The Warsaw ghetto uprising in April 1943

This uprising was marked by Jewish fighters resisting deportation and murder by German troops.

101
Q

How many Jews were deported from the Warsaw ghetto before the uprising?

A

More than 260,000 Jews

Most of these deported Jews were murdered in Treblinka.

102
Q

How many Jews remained in the Warsaw ghetto at the time of the uprising?

A

Around 60,000 Jews

103
Q

On what date did German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to deport the remaining Jews?

A

19 April 1943

104
Q

Who led the Jewish resistance during the Warsaw ghetto uprising?

A

Mordechai Anielewicz

105
Q

What was the outcome for the German troops during the initial confrontation in the ghetto?

A

The troops were forced to retreat

106
Q

What actions did the German forces take in response to the Jewish resistance?

A

They burned the ghetto building by building and forced Jews out of hiding places

107
Q

How many Jews were killed by the Germans by 16 May 1943 during the uprising?

A

7,000 Jews

108
Q

What happened to those Jews who were captured during the uprising?

A

They were sent to forced labour camps or murdered in Treblinka death camp

109
Q

What does the term ‘partisans’ refer to in the context of Jewish resistance?

A

Resistance groups who escaped capture by hiding in the forests of Eastern Europe

110
Q

How many Jews are estimated to have joined the partisans?

A

Between 20,000 and 30,000 Jews

111
Q

List some activities that Jewish partisans engaged in during their resistance.

A
  • Destroyed bridges
  • Stole and smuggled weapons
  • Forged identity papers
  • Attacked the enemy
  • Smuggled food into ghettos
  • Helped escapes from camps
  • Protected families
112
Q

What did the Bielski partisans achieve during the war?

A

They protected families and built a thriving community in the Naliboki Forest

This community included a mill, a bakery, a school, and a synagogue.

113
Q

How many Jewish people survived the war under the protection of the Bielski group?

A

Around 1,200 Jewish people

114
Q

What was the Armée Juive, and what did it do?

A

A Jewish Army that helped Jews escape from Nazi-occupied Europe and participated in uprisings against German troops

115
Q

Fill in the blank: Jews who fought back in the Warsaw ghetto uprising knew they would almost certainly be _______.

A

killed

116
Q

True or False: The Bielski partisans hid in the Naliboki Forest for almost five years.

A

True

117
Q

What was a well-known example of hiding as a form of resistance against the Nazis?

A

The story of Anne Frank

***1.0 *** YEAR 9 HISTORY FLASHCARDS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE PLAYED THESE GAMES BEFORE (6 decks)

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