ALL Immigration SUMMARISED Flashcards
1
Q
Who were the earliest migrants to Britain?
A
Various tribes arrived in Britain, some peacefully and others hostile, with some settling permanently.
2
Q
When did the Celtic tribes arrive in Britain?
A
Around 500 BCE.
3
Q
What activities did the Celts engage in?
A
- Farming the land
- Building forts
- Conducting religious rituals led by druids
- Holding yearly assemblies for tribal business.
4
Q
What are some modern traditions that have Celtic origins?
A
- Halloween
- May Day.
5
Q
When did the Romans invade Britain?
A
In 43 CE.
6
Q
How long did the Romans stay in Britain?
A
Around 400 years.
7
Q
What is ‘Britannia’?
A
The name used by Romans for Britain, derived from ‘Pretannia’ used by Ancient Greeks.
8
Q
Name some towns that were established during Roman rule.
A
- Chester
- York
- Bath
- Lincoln
- Colchester
- St Albans.
9
Q
What significant contributions did the Romans make to Britain?
A
- Calendars
- Coins
- Bricks
- Introduction of peas, wine, grapes, carrots, and cats.
10
Q
What were the main tribes in Scotland during Roman times?
A
- Picts
- Scotti
- Britons.
The Picts were the largest tribe, but the country was named after the Scotti.
11
Q
Who were the Anglo-Saxons?
A
Tribes from modern-day Denmark and northern Germany, including Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.
12
Q
What impact did the Anglo-Saxons have on Britain?
A
- Drove remaining British tribes into Wales, Cornwall, Cumbria, and Scotland
- Worshipped multiple gods, influencing the names of the days of the week.
13
Q
What is the origin of the name ‘England’?
A
‘Angle-land’, meaning ‘land of the Angles’.
14
Q
What are some common place name endings that indicate Anglo-Saxon origins?
A
- -ton
- -wich
- -worth
- -burn
- -hurst
- -ham.
15
Q
When did the Vikings begin invading Anglo-Saxon territories?
A
In the late eighth century.
16
Q
What was the initial approach of the Vikings towards Britain?
A
They raided the coast, stealing treasures and resources.
17
Q
What significant change occurred in 865 CE regarding the Vikings?
A
Vikings began to settle in Britain rather than just raid.
18
Q
What was the outcome of the interactions between Anglo-Saxons and Vikings?
A
After conflict, they became neighbors and experienced many years of peace.
19
Q
Who was Edward the Confessor?
A
The king who united the country by the mid-1000s.
20
Q
When did the Normans invade England?
A
In 1066.
21
Q
What are some contributions of the Normans to England?
A
- Built castles, churches, and cathedrals
- Introduced over 10,000 French words
- Invented surnames.
22
Q
What is the term for the islands that make up most of what is called ‘Britain’?
A
The British Isles.
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The two largest islands in the British Isles are _______ and _______.
A
[Great Britain], [Ireland].
24
Q
True or False: The British Isles consist of over 5,000 islands.
A
True.
25
What were the main reasons many South Asians immigrated to Britain in the 1700s and 1800s?
The main reasons included working as lascars (sailors), ayahs (nannies), and servants, as well as economic opportunities and the legacy of British colonial influence
## Footnote
Lascars were often employed on ships bringing goods to Britain, while ayahs worked for wealthy British families.
26
What was the relationship between Britain and South Asia in the early 1600s?
British traders went to South Asia to buy spices, dyes, and textiles to sell back in Britain
## Footnote
This marked the beginning of significant British trade and influence in the region.
27
What happened in 1857 that affected British control over India?
A huge rebellion against foreign rule led the British government to place India under direct control
## Footnote
Queen Victoria subsequently declared herself 'Empress of India'.
28
What roles did lascars typically take on after their voyages?
Lascars often settled near ports, running lodging houses, cafes or tea shops, and becoming market traders
## Footnote
They contributed significantly to the local economy and community.
29
By the 1860s, approximately how many South Asians were estimated to be in Britain?
Around 40,000 South Asians
## Footnote
This included lascars, ayahs, servants, students, officials, doctors, tourists, and businessmen.
30
What were some reasons thousands of South Asians immigrated to Britain after World War II?
Reasons included violence in some areas, natural disasters like cyclones and floods, and terrible poverty
## Footnote
Many viewed emigration as their only hope for a better life.
31
What was the status of South Asian immigrants' passports after World War II?
Many South Asians were British passport holders, allowing them the right to live in Britain
## Footnote
This was due to their countries' previous status as part of the British Empire.
32
Fill in the blank: South Asia was referred to as '_______' by the British during the early period of colonization.
India
33
True or False: The British government directly controlled India before the rebellion of 1857.
False
## Footnote
Before 1857, British control was indirect through the British East India Company.
34
What types of jobs did ayahs typically perform for British families?
Ayahs worked as children's nannies and household servants
## Footnote
Their roles were crucial in supporting British families in India and later in Britain.
35
What were the conditions in South Asia that prompted emigration after World War II?
Conditions included violence, natural disasters, and severe poverty
## Footnote
These factors made life difficult and led many to seek better opportunities abroad.
36
What is the 'Windrush generation'?
The group of Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain on the Empire Windrush in 1948
37
What event occurred on 22 June 1948?
The Empire Windrush landed at Tilbury Docks near London with 1,027 passengers
38
What were some reasons people from the Caribbean migrated to Britain?
* Poverty and hardship in the Caribbean
* Belief that Britain was the 'mother country'
* New opportunities after World War II
39
Why was there a labor shortage in Britain after World War II?
* Many British people migrated to countries like Canada and Australia
* Destruction of large areas of cities due to bombing
40
What was the British Nationality Act of July 1948?
It granted the right to people living in the British Empire and Commonwealth to live and work in Britain
41
Which sectors in Britain encouraged Caribbean migration?
* National Health Service (NHS)
* London Transport
* British Hotels and Restaurants Association
* British Transport Commission
42
Fill in the blank: The term _______ was used in the past to describe Black people but is considered offensive today.
'coloured'
43
What types of jobs were mentioned by passengers on the Empire Windrush?
* Apprentice accountant
* Farm worker
* Tailor
* Boxer
* Mechanic
* Singer
* Law student
44
True or False: The Empire Windrush was the first ship to bring Caribbean migrants to Britain.
False
45
According to the article, why did most of the married men leave their families in the Caribbean?
Lack of work
46
What was the public reaction to the arrival of the Empire Windrush?
It caused alarm, with newspapers discussing the 'colour problem' and some MPs demanding the ship be turned around
47
What is a common misconception about the passengers on the Empire Windrush?
That they would not find work in Britain
48
Why did some people in Britain oppose the arrival of Caribbean migrants?
Because of their skin color and the perception of a 'colour problem'
49
What was the Empire Windrush?
A ship that carried one of the first large groups of Caribbean migrants to Britain in 1948.
## Footnote
The ship was originally named Monte Rosa and was repurposed after World War II.
50
Who were the 'Windrush generation'?
Caribbean migrants who arrived in Britain on or after the Empire Windrush in 1948.
## Footnote
This group includes individuals from countries like Jamaica, Guyana, and Trinidad.
51
What barriers did African-Caribbean people face when they arrived in Britain?
Prejudice, difficulties finding housing, and low recognition of their qualifications.
## Footnote
Many ended up in low-paid jobs despite having skills.
52
True or False: The majority of Caribbean migrants settled in rural areas of Britain.
False. Most settled in industrial cities, particularly London.
## Footnote
Other cities included Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and Nottingham.
53
What types of jobs did many Caribbean migrants find in Britain?
Low-paid jobs such as cleaners, ticket collectors, and hospital porters.
## Footnote
Some migrants had skills as electricians, mechanics, and engineers but faced challenges in job recognition.
54
Fill in the blank: The Empire Windrush brought _______ passengers from the Caribbean to Britain.
1,027
55
Who was Sam King?
A passenger on the Empire Windrush who later became the first Black mayor of Southwark, London.
## Footnote
He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II before returning to Britain.
56
What did a Caribbean nurse recall about her early experiences in Britain?
She faced hostility from older patients who were not used to Black people but remained focused on her goals.
## Footnote
She coped by making jokes and supporting each other with fellow migrants.
57
What was the British West Indies Regiment?
A regiment formed during World War I that included volunteers from the Caribbean.
## Footnote
Many African-Caribbean people also served in the Merchant Navy.
58
What year did the Empire Windrush arrive in Britain?
1948
59
What types of discrimination did migrants face in Britain?
Racism was present in every aspect of their lives, often more pronounced against Black migrants.
## Footnote
Hostility was also evident in signs that excluded Black individuals and Irish people.
60
In which cities did many Caribbean migrants settle?
London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and Nottingham.
## Footnote
The majority preferred urban areas for job opportunities.
61
Fill in the blank: Daphne Steele became the first Black _______ in a British hospital in 1964.
matron
62
What was the significance of the Empire Windrush for Caribbean migration?
It marked one of the first large-scale migrations of Caribbean people to Britain post-World War II.
63
True or False: The Empire Windrush was the first ship to carry Caribbean migrants to Britain.
False. Other ships like Ormonde and Almanzora brought Caribbean migrants before the Empire Windrush.
64
What did many Caribbean migrants do after World War II?
They sought work and a new life in Britain, contributing to the workforce in various sectors.
## Footnote
Many were veterans of the British Army or Merchant Navy.
65
What does Eastern Europe traditionally include?
Countries such as Poland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Croatia
## Footnote
Eastern Europe is defined as the eastern part of the continent of Europe, typically including countries to the east of Germany, Austria, and Italy.
66
When did a large increase in migration to Britain from Eastern Europe occur?
Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries
## Footnote
Before this period, Eastern European migrants were present in Britain for hundreds of years, but usually in small numbers.
67
What were some early migrations from Eastern Europe to Britain?
Polish grain merchants in the late 1500s, Hungarian students in the 1600s, Polish Protestants in the 1700s, and Jewish migrants in the late 1800s
## Footnote
These migrations were driven by various factors including trade, education, and escaping persecution.
68
Who was Michael Marks?
A migrant from Eastern Europe who arrived in Britain in 1882 and co-founded a well-known high street store
## Footnote
He escaped anti-Jewish persecution in modern-day Belarus.
69
What was the Kindertransport?
The organised rescue of around 10,000 children from Nazi-controlled territory between November 1938 and September 1939
## Footnote
Many of these children were allowed to enter Britain without visas or passports.
70
What was the impact of the Second World War on Eastern European migration to Britain?
Many Eastern Europeans fled Nazi-controlled territories, contributing to the war effort
## Footnote
This included both children rescued by the Kindertransport and adults who joined the military.
71
How many Poles settled in Britain after the Polish Resettlement Act of 1947?
Over 100,000 Poles
## Footnote
This act supported Poles who had served under British command during the war and their dependents.
72
What was the significance of the 1951 census regarding Poles in Britain?
It recorded just over 162,000 Poles living in Britain
## Footnote
This was an important indicator of the Polish community's growth in Britain after the war.
73
In what ways did Eastern European migrants contribute to the war effort?
Served as airmen, in the WAAF, and in various support roles
## Footnote
They contributed significantly to both military and logistical operations.
74
True or False: The Polish Resettlement Act was the first law allowing a large number of migrants to settle in Britain.
True
## Footnote
It marked a significant change in British immigration policy.
75
Fill in the blank: Many Polish pilots played an important role in the ______ during the Second World War.
Battle of Britain
76
What was the European Voluntary Workers scheme?
A program that invited Eastern European migrants to Britain to fill labor shortages after World War II.
77
What types of jobs were available to Eastern European migrants in Britain?
* Factories
* Mines
* Hospitals
* Transport networks
78
What was the living condition of migrants in resettlement camps?
Simple, basic, poorly heated huts often located on army bases.
79
Which countries did most Eastern European migrants come from after World War II?
* Ukraine
* Poland
* Latvia
80
How many Eastern Europeans arrived in Britain under the EVW scheme in the first few years after the war?
Around 90,000.
81
What restrictions did migrants face regarding employment?
They could not change jobs without permission from the government.
82
What cultural contributions did migrants make in Britain?
* Churches
* Schools
* Leisure facilities
* Traditional processions
* Dances
* Festivals
83
What were some challenges faced by Eastern European migrants in the workforce?
* Experienced discrimination
* Often refused promotion
* First to be fired during job cuts
84
By the mid-1960s, how many resettlement camps remained in Britain?
Around 50.
85
What was the perception of the resettlement camps among the first and second generations of Polish migrants?
* First generation: Symbol of stability
* Second generation: Happy places, full of freedom
86
What were the facilities like in the Nissen huts of the resettlement camps?
* Equipped with electric lights
* Heated by slow combustion stoves
* Poor natural ventilation and light
87
Fill in the blank: The first Polish departments established at British universities included medicine at _______.
Edinburgh
88
What happened to many Polish universities during the German invasion in 1939?
Many closed.
89
What was the role of British universities for Polish students and lecturers during World War II?
They hosted Polish students and lecturers to continue their studies.
90
True or False: Eastern European migrants were integrated into British culture without retaining their original identities.
False
91
What was the primary goal of European leaders after the Second World War?
To avoid another large-scale war by fostering cooperation and peace among countries.
92
What organization was formed in 1957 to promote economic cooperation in Europe?
The European Economic Community (EEC).
93
In what year did the EEC become the European Union (EU)?
1992.
94
What significant right was established by the Maastricht Treaty for EU citizens?
The right to work and settle in another member state.
95
How many countries were in the EEC by the late 1980s?
12 countries.
96
Which countries joined the EU in 2004 that were part of Eastern Europe?
Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia.
97
What was the annual rate of EU migration to Britain in the 1970s?
Around 20,000 EU citizens per year.
98
How many Eastern European migrants came to Britain between 2004 and 2008?
Around 750,000.
99
Fill in the blank: Many Eastern European EU migrants found jobs in _______.
farming, construction, retail, hospitality, and skilled professions.
100
What impact did Eastern European migrants have on the British economy?
They contributed to the economy by spending wages, starting businesses, and paying taxes.
101
True or False: The majority of Eastern European migrants to Britain were unskilled workers.
False.
102
What concerns arose in some British communities regarding Eastern European migration?
Pressure on local services, such as schools and housing.
103
What was one positive economic impact of migration on Poland?
Money sent back to Poland helps the Polish economy.
104
What is a negative impact of migration on Poland's labor market?
Fewer skilled workers remain in Poland.
105
Fill in the blank: Migrants from central and eastern Europe are generally younger and _______ than the average British worker.
economically more active.
106
What was a common media narrative regarding immigration in Britain?
Anti-immigration messages promoting concerns over local services.
107
List three impacts of Eastern European migration on Britain.
* Filling job shortages in various sectors
* Contributing to local and national economies
* Increasing diversity in communities.
108
List two impacts of Eastern European migration on Poland.
* Increased remittances to the Polish economy
* An aging population due to younger workers leaving.
109
What was the trend of EU migration to Britain from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s?
Steady increase, with the greatest rise occurring after the 2004 EU expansion.
