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***1.0 *** YEAR 9 HISTORY FLASHCARDS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE PLAYED THESE GAMES BEFORE > Easter European Migration > Flashcards

Easter European Migration Flashcards

1
Q

What is Eastern Europe?

A

Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the continent of Europe, including countries to the east of Germany, Austria, and Italy, such as Poland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Russia, and Croatia.

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2
Q

What was the trend of Eastern European migration to Britain in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries?

A

There was a large increase in migration to Britain from Eastern Europe.

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3
Q

What were the main objectives of the chapter on Eastern European migration?

A
  • Define Eastern Europe
  • Examine reasons why Eastern European migrants came to Britain up to, during, and after the Second World War.
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4
Q

What significant event occurred in the 1500s regarding Polish migrants in Britain?

A

Polish grain merchants began settling in England, mainly in London.

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5
Q

In the 1600s, who were the notable Eastern European migrants to Britain?

A

Many Hungarian students came to study at English and Scottish universities.

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6
Q

Why did Polish Protestants migrate to Britain in the 1700s?

A

They fled religious persecution in their homeland.

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7
Q

What was the primary reason for the large influx of Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe in the late 1800s?

A

They were escaping poverty and pogroms.

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8
Q

Who was Michael Marks and what is his significance in Eastern European migration?

A

He arrived in Britain in 1882 after escaping anti-Jewish persecution in Belarus and co-founded a well-known high street store.

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9
Q

How many Eastern Europeans were recorded in England and Wales by 1901?

A

Just over 86,000.

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10
Q

What was the Kindertransport?

A

An organized rescue of around 10,000 children from Nazi-controlled territory between November 1938 and September 1939.

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11
Q

From which countries did many of the Kindertransport children arrive?

A
  • Germany
  • Austria
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Poland
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12
Q

What arrangements were made for the children rescued by the Kindertransport?

A

They were allowed to enter Britain without visas or passports and were placed in foster homes, schools, and on farms.

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13
Q

Why did many Kindertransport children choose to stay in Britain?

A

Many lost their parents during the war and had no family to go home to.

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14
Q

What role did Czechs and Slovaks play during the Second World War?

A

They fled Nazi-occupied territory to help Britain in the war against Germany.

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15
Q

How many Czechs and Slovaks moved to Britain to serve in the military during the Second World War?

A

About 6,500 men.

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16
Q

What contributions did Czech and Slovak women make during the Second World War?

A

They served in the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF) and the British Army Auxiliary Corps, working in various roles.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Many Czech and Slovak women served in the _______ during the Second World War.

A

Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF)

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18
Q

What is ‘Eastern Europe’?

A

A region that includes countries such as Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and others in the eastern part of the continent.

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19
Q

List reasons why many Eastern Europeans migrated from their homelands in the years up to and including the Second World War.

A
  • Political instability
  • Economic hardship
  • Persecution
  • Desire for better opportunities
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20
Q

In what ways did Eastern European migrants contribute to the war effort?

A
  • Served in the Royal Air Force
  • Joined the Royal Navy
  • Fought in ground forces against Germany
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21
Q

What was the significance of the Polish Resettlement Act?

A

It allowed Poles who served under British command during the war to settle in Britain.

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22
Q

How many Poles settled in Britain after the Polish Resettlement Act was passed?

A

Over 100,000 Poles settled in Britain.

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23
Q

What did the 1951 census record regarding the Polish population in Britain?

A

Just over 162,000 Poles living in Britain.

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24
Q

What role did Polish pilots play in the Battle of Britain?

A

They played an important role by serving in the Royal Air Force.

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25
Q

How many men and women served in the Polish squadrons of the RAF during the war?

A

Over 18,000 men and women served.

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26
Q

How many Polish individuals died while serving in the RAF during the war?

A

Over 2,000 died.

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27
Q

What was notable about the Polish battleships during World War II?

A

They joined Britain’s Royal Navy.

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The Polish Resettlement Act was passed in _______.

A

1947

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29
Q

True or False: The Polish Resettlement Act was the first time the British government allowed a large number of migrants to settle.

A

True

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30
Q

What was the primary purpose of the British poster issued by the Royal Air Force in 1941?

A

To show allied airforce emblems and portraits of fighter pilots from abroad.

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31
Q

Which squadron is known as a predominantly Polish squadron that played a key role in the Battle of Britain?

A

303 Squadron

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32
Q

Where is the Polish War Memorial located?

A

Near RAF Northolt, London.

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33
Q

What was the European Voluntary Workers (EVW) scheme?

A

A program inviting Eastern Europeans to work in Britain after the Second World War

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34
Q

How many Eastern Europeans arrived in Britain in the first few years after the war?

A

Around 90,000

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35
Q

From which countries did most Eastern European migrants come?

A
  • Ukraine
  • Poland
  • Latvia
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36
Q

What types of jobs were available to Eastern European migrants in Britain?

A
  • Factories
  • Mines
  • Hospitals
  • Transport networks
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37
Q

Where were Eastern European migrants initially housed?

A

In one of around 200 resettlement camps across Britain

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38
Q

What was a common criticism of the schooling received by children in the camps?

A

It was poorly criticized by inspectors

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39
Q

What cultural activities did Eastern European migrants engage in to keep their heritage alive?

A
  • Traditional processions
  • Dances
  • Festivals
40
Q

True or False: Eastern European migrants had the same rights as British workers.

A

True

41
Q

What restrictions did Eastern European migrants face regarding employment?

A

They could not change jobs without government permission

42
Q

What happened to the number of resettlement camps by the mid-1960s?

A

Only around 50 camps were left

43
Q

Fill in the blank: Many Eastern European migrants married _______ and adopted British culture.

A

[British people]

44
Q

What activities did Eastern European migrants establish to reflect their original homeland?

A
  • Clubs
  • Societies
  • Churches
  • Parades
45
Q

When did the last few resettlement camps close?

A

In the early 1970s

46
Q

What was the condition of the accommodations in the resettlement camps?

A

Simple, basic, poorly heated huts

47
Q

In what location was a camp with 420 adults and nearly 150 children reported?

A

Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire

48
Q

What was a common employment issue faced by Eastern Europeans in Britain?

A

They were often refused promotion and the first to be fired during job cuts

49
Q

What were the general living conditions in Polish resettlement camps?

A

The camps were in remote locations with Nissen huts or poor-quality dwellings, occupied by more than one family. They had electric lights and slow combustion stoves but poor natural ventilation and light.

Nissen huts are arched-style steel buildings used in various types of camps.

50
Q

What became symbolic for the first generation of Poles in resettlement camps?

A

A symbol of stability.

For the second generation, these camps were remembered as happy places full of freedom.

51
Q

What improvements were made by residents of the Yugoslavian resettlement camp by 1968?

A

Residents made improvements to their homes and gardens since the early days of the camps after the war.

This indicates a sense of community and adaptation among the residents.

52
Q

What happened to Polish universities when Germany invaded Poland in 1939?

A

Many Polish universities closed.

Some students and lecturers came to Britain and were hosted by British universities.

53
Q

How many Polish departments were set up at British universities and in what fields?

A

Four departments:
* Medicine at Edinburgh (1941)
* Architecture at Liverpool (1942)
* Veterinary studies at Edinburgh (1943)
* Law at Oxford (1944)

54
Q

Fill in the blank: The European Voluntary Workers scheme was _______.

A

[key learning term]

55
Q

What can you learn from Source E and Interpretation G about conditions in resettlement camps?

A

[key learning term]

56
Q

How useful is Source H to a historian studying the European Voluntary Workers scheme?

A

[key learning term]

57
Q

Outline two reasons why the number of people of Eastern European origin living in Britain rose during and after the Second World War.

A

[key learning term]

58
Q

What was the primary reason for the formation of the European Union (EU)?

A

To avoid large-scale wars and promote peace by encouraging cooperation among European countries.

59
Q

What was the original name of the EU when it was formed in 1957?

A

European Economic Community (EEC)

60
Q

In what year did Britain join the European Economic Community (EEC)?

A

1973

61
Q

What significant treaty was signed in 1992 that transformed the EEC into the EU?

A

Maastricht Treaty

62
Q

What new concept was established by the Maastricht Treaty?

A

‘European citizenship’

63
Q

True or False: Citizens of one EU member state have the right to work and settle in any other member state.

A

True

64
Q

How many EU citizens entered Britain per year in the 1970s?

A

Around 20,000

65
Q

What was the peak number of EU citizens entering Britain per year in the late 1990s?

A

About 60,000

66
Q

In what year did ten countries, including eight from Eastern Europe, join the EU?

A

2004

67
Q

List the eight Eastern European countries that joined the EU in 2004.

A
  • Czech Republic
  • Estonia
  • Hungary
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Poland
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
68
Q

Which two more Eastern European countries joined the EU in 2007?

A
  • Romania
  • Bulgaria
69
Q

Why did Eastern European migration to Britain increase after the EU expanded?

A

Many of the new member countries were poorer than existing EU countries.

70
Q

By 1950, how many Hungarians, Ukrainians, Yugoslavs, Estonians, Latvians, and Lithuanians had settled in Britain?

A

Around 100,000

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The European Economic Community was later renamed the _______.

A

European Union (EU)

72
Q

What attracted people from new EU member states to France and Ireland?

A

More job opportunities

The migration trend was also influenced by a long-standing tradition of European migration to Britain.

73
Q

How many Eastern European migrants came to Britain between 2004 and 2008?

A

Around 750,000

This influx was part of the broader migration following the EU expansion.

74
Q

What types of jobs did many Eastern European migrants find in Britain?

A

Jobs on farms, building sites, shops, hotels, and highly skilled positions like vets and dentists

They often earned significantly more than in their home countries.

75
Q

What economic benefits did Eastern European migrants bring to Britain?

A

They spent wages in shops, started new businesses, and paid taxes

This contributed positively to the local economy.

76
Q

What are some arguments in favor of EU migration to Britain?

A

Enrichment of the country and communities, filling job shortages, and boosting the economy

There is evidence suggesting no link between immigration and rising unemployment.

77
Q

What were some concerns regarding migration from EU countries?

A

Pressure on local services such as schools and housing

Some areas experienced higher migration rates than others.

78
Q

What impact did migration have on Poland’s economy?

A

Money sent back to Poland helps the Polish economy

This remittance supports local livelihoods.

79
Q

What is one negative impact of migration on Poland?

A

Fewer skilled workers remain in Poland

Professions such as dentists and plumbers are particularly affected.

80
Q

How does migration affect Poland’s population demographics?

A

Poland’s population is ageing due to younger workers leaving

This results in a loss of tax revenue for the Polish government.

81
Q

True or False: Eastern European immigrants contribute more to the UK economy than they take out.

A

True

This statement was supported by foreign ministers from EU accession countries.

82
Q

Fill in the blank: Many Eastern European migrants are _______.

A

young, hard-working, well-educated, and motivated

83
Q

List the four dates in chronological order: 1992, 2004, 1957, 1973.

A

1957, 1973, 1992, 2004

Each date corresponds to significant events in the history of the EU.

84
Q

What is one way that some media portrayed EU immigration?

A

By promoting anti-immigration messages

This perspective contributed to public concerns about migration.

85
Q

How many Eastern European migrants came to Britain between 2004 and 2008?

A

Around 750,000

This period marked the most rapid increase in Eastern European migration to Britain.

86
Q

What primarily causes fluctuations in Eastern European migration to Britain?

A

Economic conditions in both the migrants’ home countries and Britain

Economic migrants often move for better job opportunities or living conditions.

87
Q

What happened to Eastern European migration in 2009?

A

More Eastern European migrants left Britain than arrived

This was the first time since 2004 that such a trend occurred.

88
Q

What was the ‘Wracaj do Polski’ campaign?

A

‘Come Back to Poland’ campaign aimed at encouraging Polish migrants to return home

This campaign was launched in 2007.

89
Q

What significant event in June 2016 impacted Eastern European migration?

A

The Brexit referendum

Fifty-two percent voted to leave the EU, influencing migration patterns.

90
Q

What is the points-based immigration system?

A

A system that EU citizens must now navigate to settle in Britain post-Brexit

This system is similar to that of non-EU citizens.

91
Q

What statuses must EU citizens who lived in Britain apply for after Brexit?

A

Settled status and pre-settled status

Settled status is for those who lived in Britain for five years or more.

92
Q

What has been a major reason for the decline in Eastern European migration since the Brexit vote?

A

Fewer job opportunities in the UK

The British economy faced struggles post-Brexit and during the Covid-19 pandemic.

93
Q

True or False: The long-term impacts of Brexit on Eastern European migration are clear.

A

False

The long-term impacts remain uncertain.

94
Q

Fill in the blank: The majority of Eastern European migrants to Britain are _______.

A

economic migrants

Economic migrants move to improve their job prospects and living conditions.

95
Q

What was one of the main reasons cited by ‘leave voters’ in the Brexit referendum?

A

Control over migration

A significant portion of voters expressed concerns over EU migration.

***1.0 *** YEAR 9 HISTORY FLASHCARDS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE PLAYED THESE GAMES BEFORE (6 decks)

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