The Holocaust Flashcards
Vilification
The deliberate attempt to revile the Jews. In this phase, the Nazi propaganda machine played a decisive part. Its aim was to make Germans dislike and fear the Jews in Germany.
Discrimination
The laws that were progressively passed depriving Jews of their rights including their right to be a German citizen
What did the government approve on April 1st 1933
The government approved a boycott of Jewish businesses, shops and the offices of Jewish professional people.
What did the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service ensue?
Restricted civil service employment only to ‘people of Aryan descent’.
What other laws were passed between 1933-1935 (brief)?
Laws passed that removed Jews from civil services & education but also from the health and legal systems.
Law Against the Overcrowding of German Schools
April 1933 - Restricted # of Jewish children that could attend government schools.
Hereditary Farm Law
September 1933 - banned Jews from owning farmland
Under Goebbel’s control, what were Jews removed from?
Removed from artistic & cultural life of the nation, elite sporting teams & were forbidden to represent Germany in international competition.
Where was the intense antisemitism in Germany?
Most intense in villages and small towns compared to the major cities. There was evidence that many middle-class Germans did not approve of the new policies.
What were the two Nuremberg Laws?
September - announced at the annual party rally at Nuremberg.
1st - Forbade marriage between Germans and Jews
2nd - Term of Jews was defined by the government as not by a religion but by the blood of their grandparents.
What was the main purpose of the Nuremberg Laws?
It was to isolate the Jews from the German society.
What are the four phases of the Nazi Racial Policy?
Vilification
Discrimination
Separation
Extermination
Law for the Protection of German Blood & Honour
15th September 1935
S1 - Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
S2 - Sexual relations outside marriages between Jews and nationals of German or kindred blood are forbidden.
S3 - Jews shall not employ female citizens of German or kindred blood as domestic servants.
Determined to safeguard the future of the German nation
Reich Citizenship Article
September 1935
Article 2 - A citizen of the Reich is a subject who is of German or kindred blood …
The right to citizenship is acquired by the granting of Reich citizenship papers.
When was the Olympic Games in Berlin held?
Summer 1936
Anti-semitism campaign-wise what happened during the Olympic Games?
Campaign against the Jews reduced (Posters and propaganda ceased for that duration).
Some Jewish athletes were permitted to take part in the Games
When did the anti-semitism campaign resume w/ greater ferocity after the Olympic Games?
1937
What are four examples of the anti-semitism campaign onwards from 1937?
- All Jewish businesses had to be registered and many were seized by the government.
- Jews required to have social identity papers and a red ‘J’ stamped on their passports
- Jewish doctors could no longer treat German patients
- Signs began to appear in shops & towns stating ‘Jews are not wanted here’ & ‘The Jews are our misfortune’.
How did propaganda present Jews?
As traitors to the country and in partnership with Bolshevik Russia
What were Jews blamed for?
Blamed for Germany’s military defeat of 1918 and the economic hardship of the Weimar years?
What was the most significant anti-Semitic publication?
Der Sturmer (The Attacker) 1923-1945
Circulation in 1930s was over 700,000
Also produced material for children
Separation
The progressive removal of Jews from the community and their ‘resettlement’ to the East
1938-1941
When was Kristallnacht and what does it mean?
The night of broken glass - November 9th 1938
Named after the glass that littered German streets the next morning of the attack.
What happened during Kristallnacht?
SA and SS troops in plain clothes systematically smashed and burnt Jewish property across the country.
How many people were killed in Kristallnacht?
90 people
How many synagogues were burnt down in Kristallnacht?
191
How many Jewish shops & businesses were looted in Kristallnacht?
1000
How many Jewish men and boys were sent to concentration during the next few days after the Kristallnacht?
20,000
How much was the Jewish community forced to pay for the cost of the destruction
30 million Reichsmarks
How much was the fine?
1 billion Reichsmarks
Who initiated and approved of Kristallnacht?
Initiated by Goebbels with Hitler’s approval
