The history, role and future of psychologists in Intellectual Disability

Question 1

What was the first test of intellectual ability?

Answer 1

Binet-Simon: developmental test

French gov. requested test for children requiring special education

Question 2

What was the Stanford-Binet test?

Answer 2

Test of intelligence (revised from Binet-Simon)
Introduction of IQ = mental age/chronological age
WWI Army Alpha IQ Test for recruitment

Question 3

What is the WAIS?

Answer 3

Wechsler = deviation IQ
Normal distribution, mean = 100, SD = 15
WAIS-IV now most popular test

Question 4

What is the history of medical terms used for low IQ scorers?

Answer 4

morons and idiots (French) 
mentally deficient or retarded (US)
intellectual disability (NOW)

Question 5

What is used to diagnose someone with an intellectual disability?

Answer 5

1. DSM-IV & V = IQ

Question 6

What is it called if the intellectual disability is acquired after the developmental period (0-18 years old)?

Answer 6

Brain impairment (because it is not developmentally acquired)

Question 7

What are 3 types of adaptive behaviour, that if someone can’t do, they may be considered to have an intellectual disability?

Answer 7

Conceptual skills: expressive & receptive language/ literacy/ numeracy
Social Skills: interpersonal, social responsibility, not-naive, obeys rules, protects self
Practical skills: daily living, hygiene, health, road safety, transport

Question 8

What are the levels of intellectual disability?

Answer 8

Mild: IQ 55 - 70
Moderate: IQ 40 – 54 (single word speech)
Severe: IQ 25 – 39 (none or few words)
Profound: IQ

Question 9

What are 4 things that cause intellectual disability?

Answer 9

Genetics
In Uterus (drugs, alcohol, infection)
Prenatal (complications, premi, haemorrhage)
Postnatal (infection, poison, trauma, malnutrition, neglect)

Question 10

What were the attitudes of the spartans and romans like towards the intellectually disabled?

Answer 10

Spartans = thrown off cliff 
Romans = abandon in forest to be eaten by wolves if judged by 3 or more neighbours

Question 11

What did the US law in the 1900 suggest could be done to mentally defective people?

Answer 11

If more the 2 generations with mentally defectives - the woman could be forcibly sterilised

Question 12

What role did Normalisation play in the lives of the mentally disabled?

Answer 12

It is now a key driver in how society treats people with an intellectual disability = change in attitudes towards inclusion

Question 13

What is NDIS?

Answer 13

The newly proposed (trailing in Hunter and Nepean regions currently) National
Disability Insurance Scheme for people under 65

Question 14

What two strands of psychology have made major contributions to the field of Intellectual Disability?

Answer 14

Psychological Assessment

Learning & Behaviour Support

Question 15

What are the different types of assessment for intellectual disability?

Answer 15

• Intellectual Assessment
• Adaptive Behaviour Assessment
• Developmental Assessment
• Mental Health Assessment
• Behavioural Asessment

Question 16

What does the developmental assessment test for?

Answer 16

global developmental delay and/or autism spectrum disorder and specific developmental problems

Question 17

Why should a developmental assessment be reviewed after a year?

Answer 17

So you don’t forecast too far and you can recommend the best actions to enhance development

Question 18

What does ASD stand for?

Answer 18

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Question 19

What are the Diagnostic Criteria for ASD?

Answer 19

A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities
C. Symptoms present in the early developmental period
D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other functions
E. Disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay

Question 20

What’s involved in ASD assessment?

Answer 20

History of assessment, development and intervention
Multi-informant: all involved in that child's life
Parents' input 
Clinical scales
Structured Observation 
DSM criteria 
Integrated feedback 
Recommendations 
Review

Question 21

How has the phenomenology of Autism changed?

Answer 21

we can now observe biology such as genes and brains instead of only clinical observations

Question 22

What is Proto-declarative pointing?

Answer 22

pointing to request something

Question 23

What is one kind of Autism Intervention?

Answer 23

ABA

Question 24

What dos ABA stand for?

Answer 24

Applied Behaviour Analysis (40hrs/week for several years)

Question 25

What is thought/ has been thought to cause autism?

Answer 25

Refrigerator mothers 1970s
MMR Vaccine
A very genetically analytic brain
The dysfunction of the Mirror Neurons

Question 26

What does a Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) scan explore?

Answer 26

white matter connectivity in the brain

Question 27

What is the Triple contingency view?

Answer 27

Stimulus-Response- Consequence

Question 28

What is an ABC functional analysis of a FBA?

Answer 28

Antecedents (time = when does the behaviour occur)
Behaviour (frequency, intensity, duration)
Consequences (what happens after)
.. what is the FUNCTION of the behaviour (what does it achieve)

Question 29

Behaviour needs to be defined in ….

Answer 29

observable terms

Question 30

What are DFA and DFO?

Answer 30

Differential Reinforcement Alternative (incompatible behaviour reinforced)
Differential Reinforcement Other (lower effort to get reinforcers by doing something else)

Question 31

Behaviour needs to be

Answer 31

observable
measurable
time limited

Question 32

Baselines can be taken from…

Answer 32

people
behaviours
situations