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Chapter 19: the heart > the heart pt2 > Flashcards

the heart pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac cycle is what

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

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2
Q

what two variable govern fluid movement

A

pressure causes flow
resistance opposes it

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3
Q

fluid will only flow if there is a what?

A

pressure gradient(difference)

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4
Q

pressure is measure in what?

A

mmHg

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5
Q

opening and closing of valves are governed by these pressure changes:

A

AV valves limp when ventricles are relaxed

semilunar valves under pressure from blood in vessels when ventricles relaxed

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6
Q

valvular insufficiency(incompetence) is what

A

any failure of a valve to prevent the backward flow of blood

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7
Q

valvular stenosis is what?

A

cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue

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8
Q

valvular stenosis is a result of what?

A

rheumatic fever, an autoimmune attack on the mitral and aortic valves

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9
Q

heart murmur is what

A

an abnormal heart sound produced by regurgitation of blood thru incompetent valves

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10
Q

mitral valve prolapse is what

A

insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

auscultation is what

A

listening to sounds made by body

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12
Q

first heart sound is what

A

louder and longer because of closure of AV valves

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13
Q

second heart sound is what

A

softer and sharper because of closure of semilunar valves

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14
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A

ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation

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15
Q

how long is the cardiac cycle

A

less than 1 second

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16
Q

ventricular filling is what

A

ventricles expand their pressure drops below that of the atria

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17
Q

second step of ventricular filling

A

AV valves open and blood flows into ventricles

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18
Q

filling of ventricular filling happens in three phases

A

rapid ventricular filling- first
diastasis- second- slower
atrial systole- final- atria contract

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19
Q

isovolumetric contraction is what

A

atria repolarize,
ventricles depolarize
AV valves close
Heart sound S1 occurs

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20
Q

ventricular ejection

A

semilunar valves open
pressure peaks in left ventricle at 120 mmHg and 25 mmHg in right
T wave occurs in this phase

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21
Q

ventricular ejection lasts about how long

A

200 to 250 ms

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22
Q

stroke volume is about

A

70 mL

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23
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles begin to expand
semilunar valves close
S2 heart sounds happen

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24
Q

in a resting person atrial systole last about

A

0.1 second

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25
in a resting person ventricular systole lasts about
0.3 second
26
quiescent period is what
when all four chambers are in diastole lasts about 0.4 second
27
in a resting person the cardiac cycle's resting heart rate is what
75 bpm
28
end-systolic volume is what
60 mL
29
systolic volume is added to ventricle during atrial diastole is
+30 mL
30
added by atrial systole
+40 mL
31
total end diastolic volume is what
130 MI
32
stoke volume ejected by ventricular systole is what
-70 mL
33
congestive heart failure is what
failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively
34
left ventricular failure is what
blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema(shortness of breath)
35
right ventricular failure is what
blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic adema
36
cardioacceleratory center sends sympathetic innervation through?
cardiac nerves
37
cardioinhibitory center sends parasympathetic innervation through?
vagus nerve
38
postganglionic fibers pass through? and continue as what?
cardiac plexus and continue as cardiac nerves
39
fibers terminate in what?
SA and AV nodes
40
sympathetic nerves increase what
heart rate and contraction strength
41
parasympathetic nerves slow what
heart rate
42
fibers of the right vagus nerve lead to what
SA node
43
fibers of the left vagus nerve lead to what
AV node
44
cardiac output is what
the amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute
45
cardiac output is what at rest?
4 to 6 L/min
46
Cardiac reserve is what
the difference between a person's max and resting CO
47
pulse is what
a surge of pressure produced by heart
48
infants have a heart rate of
120 bpm or more
49
young adult females have a heart rate of
72 to 80 bpm
50
young adult males have a heart rate of
64 to 72 bpm
51
tachycardia is what
resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm
52
bradycardia is what
resting adult heart rate of less than 60bpm
53
positive chrontropic agents are factors that what
raise the heart rate
54
negative chrontropic agents are factors that what
lower the heart rate
55
cardiac centers in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata initiate what
autonomic output to the heart
56
cardiostimulatory effect is what
neurons of cardiac center transmit signals to the heart by sympathetic pathways
57
cardioinhibitory effect is what
others transmit parasympathetic signals by way of the vagus nerve
58
sympathetic postganglionic fibers are
adrenergic
59
sympathetic postganglionic fibers release
norepinephrine and increase heart rate to as high as 230 bpm
60
sympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to
b-adrenergic fibers in the heart
61
sympathetic postganglionic fibers activate
cAMP( second messenger system) and accelerates uptake of Calcium by sarcoplasmic reticulum
62
sympathetic postganglionic fibers lead to opening
calcium channels in plasma membrane, and accelerates depolarization
63
parasympathetic vagus nerves opens
potassium gates in nodal cells
64
without influence from cardiac centers, the heart has an intrinsic firing rate of
100 bpm
65
vagal tone holds down the heart rate to
70 to 80 bpm at rest
66
medulla also receives input from what
muscles, joints, arteries, and brainstem
67
baroreceptors signal what
cardiac center
68
in cardiac center, if blood pressure decreases...
signal rate drops, cardiac center increases heart rate
69
in cardiac center, if blood pressure increases...
signal rate rises, cardiac center decreases heart rate
70
chemoreceptors are in what
aortic arch, carotid arteries, and medulla oblongata
71
chemoreceptors are sensitive to what
blood pH and CO2 and O2 levels
72
chemoreceptors will trigger an increase in heart rate when
high CO2 levels lead to acidosis
73
chemoreceptors respond to hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency) by
slowing down the heart
74
baroreflexes and chemoreflexes are responses to fluctuation in
blood and chemistry both negative
75
autonomic neurotransmitters affect
heart rate
76
blood-borne adrenal catecholamines are
potent cardiac stimulants
77
what electrolyte has the greatest chrontropic effect
potassium
78
hyperkalemia is excess
potassium that diffuses into cardiomyocytes, and lowers heart rate irregularly
79
hypokalemia is deficiency in
Potassium where cells are hyperpolarized and required increased stimulation
80
hypercalcemia is excess
Calcium that decreases heart rate and contraction strength
81
hypocalcemia is deficiency of
Calcium that increases heart rate and contraction strength
82
three variables govern stroke volume
preload contractility afterload
83
preload is the amount oof tension in the
ventricular myocardium before it begins to contract
84
stroke volume is proportion to the
end diastolic volume
85
contractility refers to how hard the...
myocardium contracts for a given preload
86
hypercalcemia can cause strong
contractions and even cardiac arrest
87
catecholamines increase
calcium levels
88
glucagon stimulates
cAMP production
89
hypocalcemia can cause a weak
heartbeat and cardiac arrest
90
hyperkalemia reduces strength of... and the release of...
myocardial action potentials and the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm
91
afterload is the sum of
all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle
92
hypertension increases... and opposes...
afterload and ventricular ejection
93
cor pulmonale is right ventricle failure due to...
obstructed pulmonary circulation

Chapter 19: the heart (4 decks)

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