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chapter 19: the heart > the heart pt2 > Flashcards

the heart pt2 Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac cycle is what

A

one complete contraction and relaxation of all four chambers of the heart

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2
Q

what two variable govern fluid movement

A

pressure causes flow
resistance opposes it

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3
Q

fluid will only flow if there is a what?

A

pressure gradient(difference)

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4
Q

pressure is measure in what?

A

mmHg

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5
Q

opening and closing of valves are governed by these pressure changes:

A

AV valves limp when ventricles are relaxed

semilunar valves under pressure from blood in vessels when ventricles relaxed

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6
Q

valvular insufficiency(incompetence) is what

A

any failure of a valve to prevent the backward flow of blood

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7
Q

valvular stenosis is what?

A

cusps are stiffened and opening is constricted by scar tissue

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8
Q

valvular stenosis is a result of what?

A

rheumatic fever, an autoimmune attack on the mitral and aortic valves

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9
Q

heart murmur is what

A

an abnormal heart sound produced by regurgitation of blood thru incompetent valves

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10
Q

mitral valve prolapse is what

A

insufficiency in which one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into atria during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

auscultation is what

A

listening to sounds made by body

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12
Q

first heart sound is what

A

louder and longer because of closure of AV valves

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13
Q

second heart sound is what

A

softer and sharper because of closure of semilunar valves

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14
Q

phases of cardiac cycle

A

ventricular filling
isovolumetric contraction
ventricular ejection
isovolumetric relaxation

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15
Q

how long is the cardiac cycle

A

less than 1 second

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16
Q

ventricular filling is what

A

ventricles expand their pressure drops below that of the atria

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17
Q

second step of ventricular filling

A

AV valves open and blood flows into ventricles

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18
Q

filling of ventricular filling happens in three phases

A

rapid ventricular filling- first
diastasis- second- slower
atrial systole- final- atria contract

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19
Q

isovolumetric contraction is what

A

atria repolarize,
ventricles depolarize
AV valves close
Heart sound S1 occurs

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20
Q

ventricular ejection

A

semilunar valves open
pressure peaks in left ventricle at 120 mmHg and 25 mmHg in right
T wave occurs in this phase

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21
Q

ventricular ejection lasts about how long

A

200 to 250 ms

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22
Q

stroke volume is about

A

70 mL

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23
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

ventricles begin to expand
semilunar valves close
S2 heart sounds happen

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24
Q

in a resting person atrial systole last about

A

0.1 second

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25
Q

in a resting person ventricular systole lasts about

A

0.3 second

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26
Q

quiescent period is what

A

when all four chambers are in diastole
lasts about 0.4 second

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27
Q

in a resting person the cardiac cycle’s resting heart rate is what

A

75 bpm

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28
Q

end-systolic volume is what

A

60 mL

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29
Q

systolic volume is added to ventricle during atrial diastole is

A

+30 mL

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30
Q

added by atrial systole

A

+40 mL

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31
Q

total end diastolic volume is what

A

130 MI

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32
Q

stoke volume ejected by ventricular systole is what

A

-70 mL

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33
Q

congestive heart failure is what

A

failure of either ventricle to eject blood effectively

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34
Q

left ventricular failure is what

A

blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary edema(shortness of breath)

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35
Q

right ventricular failure is what

A

blood backs up in the vena cava causing systemic adema

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36
Q

cardioacceleratory center sends sympathetic innervation through?

A

cardiac nerves

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37
Q

cardioinhibitory center sends parasympathetic innervation through?

A

vagus nerve

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38
Q

postganglionic fibers pass through? and continue as what?

A

cardiac plexus and continue as cardiac nerves

39
Q

fibers terminate in what?

A

SA and AV nodes

40
Q

sympathetic nerves increase what

A

heart rate and contraction strength

41
Q

parasympathetic nerves slow what

A

heart rate

42
Q

fibers of the right vagus nerve lead to what

A

SA node

43
Q

fibers of the left vagus nerve lead to what

A

AV node

44
Q

cardiac output is what

A

the amount ejected by each ventricle in 1 minute

45
Q

cardiac output is what at rest?

A

4 to 6 L/min

46
Q

Cardiac reserve is what

A

the difference between a person’s max and resting CO

47
Q

pulse is what

A

a surge of pressure produced by heart

48
Q

infants have a heart rate of

A

120 bpm or more

49
Q

young adult females have a heart rate of

A

72 to 80 bpm

50
Q

young adult males have a heart rate of

A

64 to 72 bpm

51
Q

tachycardia is what

A

resting adult heart rate above 100 bpm

52
Q

bradycardia is what

A

resting adult heart rate of less than 60bpm

53
Q

positive chrontropic agents are factors that what

A

raise the heart rate

54
Q

negative chrontropic agents are factors that what

A

lower the heart rate

55
Q

cardiac centers in the reticular formation of the medulla oblongata initiate what

A

autonomic output to the heart

56
Q

cardiostimulatory effect is what

A

neurons of cardiac center transmit signals to the heart by sympathetic pathways

57
Q

cardioinhibitory effect is what

A

others transmit parasympathetic signals by way of the vagus nerve

58
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers are

A

adrenergic

59
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers release

A

norepinephrine and increase heart rate to as high as 230 bpm

60
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers bind to

A

b-adrenergic fibers in the heart

61
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers activate

A

cAMP( second messenger system) and accelerates uptake of Calcium by sarcoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

sympathetic postganglionic fibers lead to opening

A

calcium channels in plasma membrane, and accelerates depolarization

63
Q

parasympathetic vagus nerves opens

A

potassium gates in nodal cells

64
Q

without influence from cardiac centers, the heart has an intrinsic firing rate of

A

100 bpm

65
Q

vagal tone holds down the heart rate to

A

70 to 80 bpm at rest

66
Q

medulla also receives input from what

A

muscles, joints, arteries, and brainstem

67
Q

baroreceptors signal what

A

cardiac center

68
Q

in cardiac center, if blood pressure decreases…

A

signal rate drops, cardiac center increases heart rate

69
Q

in cardiac center, if blood pressure increases…

A

signal rate rises, cardiac center decreases heart rate

70
Q

chemoreceptors are in what

A

aortic arch, carotid arteries, and medulla oblongata

71
Q

chemoreceptors are sensitive to what

A

blood pH and CO2 and O2 levels

72
Q

chemoreceptors will trigger an increase in heart rate when

A

high CO2 levels lead to acidosis

73
Q

chemoreceptors respond to hypoxemia (oxygen deficiency) by

A

slowing down the heart

74
Q

baroreflexes and chemoreflexes are responses to fluctuation in

A

blood and chemistry
both negative

75
Q

autonomic neurotransmitters affect

A

heart rate

76
Q

blood-borne adrenal catecholamines are

A

potent cardiac stimulants

77
Q

what electrolyte has the greatest chrontropic effect

A

potassium

78
Q

hyperkalemia is excess

A

potassium that diffuses into cardiomyocytes, and lowers heart rate irregularly

79
Q

hypokalemia is deficiency in

A

Potassium where cells are hyperpolarized and required increased stimulation

80
Q

hypercalcemia is excess

A

Calcium that decreases heart rate and contraction strength

81
Q

hypocalcemia is deficiency of

A

Calcium that increases heart rate and contraction strength

82
Q

three variables govern stroke volume

A

preload
contractility
afterload

83
Q

preload is the amount oof tension in the

A

ventricular myocardium before it begins to contract

84
Q

stroke volume is proportion to the

A

end diastolic volume

85
Q

contractility refers to how hard the…

A

myocardium contracts for a given preload

86
Q

hypercalcemia can cause strong

A

contractions and even cardiac arrest

87
Q

catecholamines increase

A

calcium levels

88
Q

glucagon stimulates

A

cAMP production

89
Q

hypocalcemia can cause a weak

A

heartbeat and cardiac arrest

90
Q

hyperkalemia reduces strength of… and the release of…

A

myocardial action potentials and the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm

91
Q

afterload is the sum of

A

all forces opposing ejection of blood from ventricle

92
Q

hypertension increases… and opposes…

A

afterload and ventricular ejection

93
Q

cor pulmonale is right ventricle failure due to…

A

obstructed pulmonary circulation

chapter 19: the heart (4 decks)

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