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Chapter 19: the heart > the heart > Flashcards

the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and back to heart, and is on the right side of the heart?

A

The pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

What supplies oxygenated blood to all tissues of the body and returns it to the heart, and is on the left side of the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

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3
Q

Fully oxygenated blood arrives from lungs via?

A

pulmonary veins

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4
Q

blood is sent to all organs via?

A

the aorta

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5
Q

oxygen-poor blood arrives from what?

A

inferior and superior venae cavae

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6
Q

blood is sent to the lungs via?

A

pulmonary trunk

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7
Q

a double-walled sac that encloses the heart

A

the pericardium

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8
Q

what allows the heart to beat without friction?

A

the pericardium

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9
Q

the outer wall, not attached to the heart

A

fibrous pericardium

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10
Q

serous pericardium has 2 layers

A

parietal layer and visceral layer

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11
Q

what lines the fibrous pericardium?

A

parietal layer

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12
Q

what is covering the hearts surface?

A

visceral layer (epicardium)

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13
Q

the space between parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

A

pericardial cavity

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14
Q

painful inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

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15
Q

coronary blood vessels travel thru?

A

epicardium

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16
Q

the smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels

A

endocardium

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17
Q

layer of cardiac muscle that is proportional to the workload

A

myocardium

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18
Q

what does the myocardium do?

A

it spirals around the heart which produces a wringing motion(vortex of the heart)

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19
Q

framework of collagenous and elastic fibers

A

fibrous skeleton of the heart

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20
Q

provides structural support and attachment for cardiac muscle and is an anchor for valve tissue

A

fibrous skeleton of the heart

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21
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

right and left atria
right and left ventricle

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22
Q

two superior chambers that receive blood returning from the heart

A

right and left atria

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23
Q

two inferior chambers that pump blood into arteries

A

right and left ventricles

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24
Q

separates atria and ventricles

A

coronary sulcus

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25
Q

overlies the interventricular septum

A

interventricular sulcus

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26
Q

sulci contain?

A

coronary arteries

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27
Q

what divides the right ventricle from the left?

A

interventricular septum

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28
Q

what doe valves do?

A

ensure one way flow of blood through the heart

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29
Q

what do atrioventricular(AV) valves do?

A

control blood flow between atria and ventricles

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30
Q

right av valve has how many cusps

A

three (tricuspid valve)

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31
Q

left av valve has how many cusps?

A

two (mitral valve)

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32
Q

what does the chordae tendineae do?

A

connect av valves to papillary muscles on the floor of ventricles
prevent av valves from flipping or bulging into atria

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33
Q

what do semilunar valves do?

A

control flow into great arteries
open and close of blood flow and pressure

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34
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve is?

A

in an opening between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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35
Q

aortic semilunar valve is?

A

in an opening between left ventricle and aorta

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36
Q

how many mL of blood is pumped to the heart through coronary circulation per minute?

A

250 mL

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37
Q

coronary circulation requires what?

A

abundant amounts of O2 and nutrients

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38
Q

anterior interventricular branch does what?

A

supplies blood to both ventricles and anterior two-thirds of interventricular septum

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39
Q

circumflex branch does what?

A

supplies left atrium and posterior wall of left ventricle

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40
Q

right coronary artery does what?

A

supplies right atrium and sinuatrial node (pacemaker)

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41
Q

right marginal branch does what?

A

supplies lateral aspect of right atrium and ventricle

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42
Q

posterior interventricular branch does what?

A

supplies posterior walls of ventricles

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43
Q

flow through coronary arteries is greatest when heart relaxes because?

A

contraction of myocardium compresses the coronary arteries and obstructs blood flow

44
Q

angina pectoris pain is caused by what?

A

ischemia of cardiac muscle

44
Q

angina pectoris is what?

A

chest pains from partial obstruction of coronary flow

44
Q

what often obstructs coronary arteries?

A

atheroma (fatty tissue and clot)

44
Q

5% to 10% of coronary blood drains directly into chambers by way of?

A

small cardiac veins

44
Q

great cardiac vein does what?

A

collect blood from anterior portion of heart and empties into coronary sinus

44
Q

myocardial infarction(MI) is what?

A

the sudden death of a patch of myocardium resulting from long-term obstruction of coronary circulation

44
Q

what percentage of death in the US is caused by MI

A

27%

45
Q

coronary sinus is ?

A

a large transverse vein that collects blood and empties it into right atrium

45
Q

most coronary blood returns to right atrium by coronary sinus which has three main inputs:

A

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
left marginal vein

45
Q

middle cardiac vein does what?

A

collects blood from posterior portion of heart and drains into coronary sinus

45
Q

left marginal vein does what?

A

empties into coronary sinus

46
Q

cardiomyocytes are ?

A

short thick cells with one central nucleus

47
Q

intercalated discs join cardiomyocytes to end with three features:

A

interdigitating folds
mechanical junctions
electrical junctions

48
Q

interdigitating folds do what?

A

interlock with each other and increase surface area

49
Q

mechanical junctions do what?

A

tightly join cardiomyocytes

50
Q

fascia adherens are?

A

broad bands where the actin of myofilaments is anchored to plasma membrane

51
Q

desmosomes are what

A

mechanical linkages that prevent contracting cardiomyocytes from being pulled apart from each other

52
Q

electrical(gap) junctions allow ions to do what

A

flow between cells

53
Q

electrical(gap) junctions can also do what?

A

stimulate neighbors

54
Q

Cardiac muscle depends almost exclusively on what? to make?

A

aerobic respiration to make ATP

55
Q

ATP is rich in

A

myoglobin and glycogen

56
Q

systole is what?

A

contraction

57
Q

diastole is what?

A

relaxation

58
Q

the conduction system does what?

A

coordinates heartbeat

59
Q

the conduction system is composed of what?

A

internal pacemaker and conduction pathways of myocardium

60
Q

the conduction system generates and conducts rhythmic electrical signals in what order?

A

sinuatrial node- initiates each heartbeat and determines heart rate

61
Q

second step in conduction system

A

signals spread throughout the atria

62
Q

third step in conduction system

A

atrioventricular (AV) node- electrical gateway to the ventricles

63
Q

fourth step in conduction system

A

atrioventricular (AV) bundle (Bundle of His)

64
Q

fifth step in conduction system

A

subendothelial conducting networks- cardiomyocytes pass signal from cell to cell through gap junctions

65
Q

what is sinus rhythm?

A

normal heartbeat triggered by SA node

66
Q

what is a normal sinus rhythm?

A

70 to 80 bpm

67
Q

what is ectopic focus?

A

region of spontaneous firing other than SA node

68
Q

what is nodal rhythm

A

if SA node is damaged, heart rate is set by AV node usually 40 to 50 bpm

69
Q

SA node membrane potential starts at

A

-60 mv and drifts upward due to slow sodium inflow

70
Q

SA node threshold is what?

A

-40 mv?

71
Q

what happens at threshold?

A

calcium and sodium channels open

72
Q

after threshold what happens?

A

potassium channels open and then sodium leaves the cell (causing repolorization)

73
Q

How long does it take for the SA node to reach the AV node

A

50 ms

74
Q

cardiomyocytes has a stable resting potential of?

A

-90 mV and depolarize when stimulated

75
Q

three phases to cardiomyocyte action potential are?

A

depolarization, plateau, repolarization

76
Q

depolarization phase does what?

A

stimulation opens Sodium gates where sodium rushes in, and gates closes quickly

77
Q

depolarization phase peaks at ?

A

+30 mV

78
Q

Plateau phase lasts how long?

A

200-250 ms

79
Q

plateau phase does what?

A

slow calcium channels open, calcium comes in, which triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium channels to open

80
Q

calcium in the plateau phase binds to what? triggering what?

A

binds to troponin triggering contraction

81
Q

what does the repolarization phase do?

A

calcium channels close, potassium channels open causing rapid diffusion of potassium out of the cell

82
Q

how long is the refractory period in repolarization phase?

A

250 ms

83
Q

what is an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

composite of all action potentials of nodal and myocardial cells detected

84
Q

What is a P wave in an EKG

A

SA node fires, atria depolarize and contract, atrial systole begins 100 ms after SA signal

85
Q

what is a PR interval in an EKG

A

signal conduction through AV node, before activating ventricles

86
Q

what is QRS complex in an EKG

A

ventricular depolarization, complex shape of spike due to different thickness and shape of the 2 ventricles

87
Q

what is QT interval in an EKG

A

duration of ventricular depolarization

88
Q

what is ST segment in an EKG

A

ventricular systole- corresponds to plateau

89
Q

what is a T wave in an EKG

A

ventricular repolarization and relaxation

90
Q

deviations of ECG from normal can indicate what

A

myocardial infarction
abnormalities in conduction pathways
heart enlargement
electrolyte and hormone imbalances

91
Q

ventricular fibrillation is what

A

serious arrhythmia caused by electrical signals traveling randomly. Heart cannot pump blood

92
Q

ventricular fibrillation is the hallmark of what

A

heart attack

93
Q

defibrillation is what

A

strong shock with intent to depolarize entire myocardium and reset heart to sinus rhythm

94
Q

atrial fibrillation is what

A

chaotic depolarizations that do not stimulate ventricles

95
Q

heart block is what

A

failure of any part of cardiac conduction system to conduct signals

96
Q

premature ventricular contraction is what

A

ventricular ectopic focus with extra beat

Chapter 19: the heart (4 decks)

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