Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiovascular Anatomy > The Heart and Pericardium > Flashcards

The Heart and Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the border and contents of the middle mediastinum?

A

Anterior- pericardium, heart and pericardium
Posterior- pericardium, tracheal bifurcation (L and R main bronchi)
Lateral- mediastinal pleura, ascending aorta
Superior- sternal angle and T4, pulmonary trunk
Inferior- diaphragm, superior vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Fibroserous fluid filled sac
Surrounds heart muscle and great vessels
Lies within middle mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two main layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous

Serous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the fibrous layer of the pericardium

A

Outer layer
Tough connective tissue
Inextensible
Central tendon of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the serous layer of the pericardium

A 
Inner layer
Single sheet epithelial cells
Parietal layer
Pericardial cavity- fluid filled
Visceral layer (epicardium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of the pericardium?

A

Fixation within mediastinum
Prevents over filling of heart
Lubrication (thin fluid film reduces friction)
Protection from infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is the pericardium innervated?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3, 4, 5)
Keeps the diaphragm ‘alive’
Referred pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the pericardial sinuses called?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

Oblique pericardial sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the transverse pericardial sinus

A

Lies between arterial outflow (posteriorly) and venous inflow (anteriorly)
Lies deep/posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the superior vena cava/ posterior to great vessels
Coronary artery bypass grafting
Forms due to the looping of the heart tube during foetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the oblique pericardial sinus

A

Blind ending passageway

Reflection of pericardium onto pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the pericardium?

A 
Cardiac tamponade (build-up of blood or other fluid in pericardial sac= pressure on heart, cannot pump effectively)- inextensible fibrous layer
Pericarditis- inflammation rom bacterial infection or infarction
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting- ligation of arteries, transverse pericardial sinus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is the heart positioned in the body?

A

A pyramid which has fallen over

Anteroinferior and left lateral positioned apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the surfaces and borders of the heart?

A

Anterior (sternocostal)- right ventricle/ Right border- right atrium
Posterior (Base)- Left atrium/ Inferior border- L and R Ventricles
Inferior (Diaphragmatic)- Left and Right ventricles/ Left border- Left Ventricle and part of Left atrium
Right pulmonary- right atrium and Left pulmonary- Left Ventricle/ Superior border- left and right atria, great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves created by internal divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the sulci of the heart?

A

Coronary sulcus

Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the layers of the heart wall?

A 
Endocardium
Subendocardial layer
Myocardium
 Subepicardial layer
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the endocardium

A 
Innermost layer
Lines cavities and valves
Loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
Regulates contractions
Role in development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the subendocardial layer

A

Joins endocardium and myocardium
Loose layer of connective tissue
Contains neurovasculature of heart conducting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the myocardium

A 
Cardiac muscle (involuntary striated muscle)
Cardiac contractions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the Subepicardial layer

A

Joins myocardium with epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the epicardium

A

Outermost layer of the heart
Visceral layer of pericardium
Connective tissue and fat- secretes lubricating fluid
Lined by simple squamous epithelial cells

22
Q

Describe the right atrium

A

Receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava, coronary veins
Right auricle (atrial appendage, muscular cone-shaped pouch)
2 distinct parts divided by Crista Terminalis
Coronary sinus (between IVC and right atrioventricular orifice)
Sino-atrial node

23
Q

What is the Crista Terminalis?

A

Junction between the sinus venosus and the heart in the developing embryo
Smooth muscular ridge in superior portion of RA that divides musculi pectinati and the right atrial appendage from smooth surface of right atrium

24
Q

What is the sinus vernarum?

A

Posterior to Crista Terminalis
Smooth wall
Derived from embryonic sinus venosus

25
Q

What is the Atrium Proper?

A

Anterior to Crista Terminalis, includes auricle
Rough muscular wall (pectinate muscles- musculi pectinati)
Derived from primitive atrium

26
Q

What is the interatrial septum?

A

Muscular wall separating atria

Oval depression on septal wall of RA Fossa Ovalis

27
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A 
Receives blood from RA
Pumps blood to pulmonary artery via pulmonary orifice
Triangular shape
Anterior heart border
Inflow and outflow portions
Separated by supraventricular crest
28
Q

Describe the inflow portion of the right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carnae ‘sponge like’ (ridges, bridges, pillars/papillary muscles)
Papillary muscle base attached to ventricle
Chordae Tendineae
Cusps of Tricuspid valve

29
Q

Describe the outflow portion of the right ventricle

A 
Conus arteriosus
Superior ventricle leading to pulmonary artery
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Derived from embryonic Bulbus cordis
Smooth walls
No trabeculae carnae
30
Q

Describe the left atrium

A

Receives blood from pulmonary veins
Forms posterior border (base) of heart
Left auricular appendage

31
Q

Describe the inflow portion of the left atrium

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary veins
Smooth surface
Derived from pulmonary veins
Left atrial side of fossa ovalis

32
Q

Describe the outflow portion of the left atrium

A

Found anteriorly, includes auricle
Lined with pectinate muscles
Derived from embryonic antrium

33
Q

Describe the left ventricle

A

Receives blood from left atrium
Forms apex of the heart]
Left and inferior heart borders
Inflow and outflow portions

34
Q

Describe the inflow portion of the left ventricle

A 
Trabeculae carnae
2 Papillary muscles
Chordae Tendineae attach cusps of mitral valve
Bicuspid 
Interventricular septum
35
Q

Describe the outflow portion of the left ventricle

A

Aortic vestibule (superior region of left ventricle inferior to aortic orifice, outflow tract)
Smooth walls
Derived from Bulbus Cordis

36
Q

Describe heart valves in general

A

Ensure blood flow in one direction
Connective tissue and lined in endocardium
4- 2 atrioventricular, 2 semilunar

37
Q

Describe the action of Atrioventricular valves

A

Close at start of systole (first heart sound)

Valves are supported by chordae tendineae

38
Q

Describe the Tricuspid valve

A

Guards right atrioventricular orifice
3 cusps (anterior, septal, posterior)
3 supporting papillary muscles

39
Q

Describe the mitral valve

A

Guards left atrioventricular orifice
2 cusps (anterior and posterior)
2 supporting papillary muscles

40
Q

Describe the semilunar valves

A

Close at the start of diastole (second heart sound)
Found between ventricles and corresponding outflow tracts
Sinuses
Lunule (thickened free edge)
Nodule (widest area)

41
Q

Describe the pulmonary valve

A 
Guards pulmonary orifice (right ventricle and pulmonary trunk)
3 cusps (right, left and posterior)
42
Q

Describe the aortic valve

A

Guards aortic orifice (left ventricle and ascending aorta)
3 cusps (right, left and posterior)
Left and right coronary aortic sinuses

43
Q

What causes the first heart sound?

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves

44
Q

What causes the second heart sound?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve

45
Q

Describe the coronary circulation

A

Right coronary artery- right marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery (85%)
Left coronary artery- left anterior descending artery, left marginal artery, left circumflex artery

46
Q

Describe the right coronary arteries

A

Right coronary artery= supplies the right atrium and the right ventricle
Right marginal artery= supplies the right ventricle and the apex
Posterior interventricular artery= supplies the right and the left ventricles, and the interventricular septum
anterior interventricular artery

47
Q

Describe the left coronary arteries

A

Left anterior descending artery- supplies the left and right ventricles and the interventricular septum
Left marginal artery- supplies the left ventricle
Left circumflex artery- supplies the left atrium and left ventricle
(aortic sinus)

48
Q

Describe the coronary circulation venous drainage

A

5 tributaries
Converge at coronary sinus
Drain into RA between atrioventricular orifice and orifice of IVC

49
Q

Name the 5 tributaries of coronary venous drainage

A 
Greta Cardiac vein
Small cardiac vein
Middle cardiac vein
Left marginal vein
Left posterior ventricular vein
50
Q

What is an auricle?

A

Wrinkled pouch like structures

Increase capacity of atrium and increase volume of blood able to contain

51
Q

What are the differences between the left and right ventricles?

A

Left ventricle- thicker walls, longer conical cavity, finer more numerous trabeculae carne, larger papillary muscles

52
Q

Where do we auscultate valves?

A
  1. The fifth intercostal space at approximately one cm medial to the mid-clavicular line. This corresponds to the mitral valve.
  2. The fourth intercostal space, at the lower left border of the sternum. This corresponds to the tricuspid valve.
  3. The second right intercostal space corresponds to the aortic valve.
  4. The second left intercostal space corresponds to the pulmonary valve.

Cardiovascular Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions