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Cardiovascular Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the demands of the developing embryo lead to a cardiovascular system?

A

First major system
Rapidly growing so needs to form a system to help with nutritional and oxygen demands, accompanying a reduction in nutritional support provided by yolk sac

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2
Q

What occurs in the 3rd week of gestation?

A

Primordial heart and vascular system begin to develop

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3
Q

What happens during Day 21-23?

A

Heart starts to beat

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4
Q

What occurs in the 4th week of gestation?

A

Blood flow begins in the embryo

Important for structural remodelling

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5
Q

What occurs in the first 1-2 weeks?

A

Cardiac lineage establishment

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6
Q

Where does most of the CV system derive from in the trilaminar disc?

A

(Blood cells)- mesoderm

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7
Q

Describe the formation of heart fields

A

Cardiac progenitors in primitive streak
Cardiogenic precursors in mesoderm
Crescent shaped heart field (two fields join to make one U)

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8
Q

What happens at the start of the 4th week?

A

Formation of primary heart tube

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9
Q

Describe the formation of the primary heart tube

A

Lateral folding of the embryo in the midline (from cranial to caudal) brings the heart fields together
Endocardial tubes form

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10
Q

How does the primary heart tube develop?

A

Pericardial cavity, cardiac jelly, myocardium, dorsal mesocardium, dorsal aorta

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11
Q

What happens to the endocardial tubes?

A

Fuse together to form arterial and venous ends of the heart

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12
Q

What are the main components of the primary heart tube?

A

Myocardium
Cardiac jelly
Endocardium

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13
Q

Describe the myocardium

A

Walls of the heart- formed from mesoderm containing myocardial progenitor cells

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14
Q

Describe the cardiac jelly

A

Separates the myocardium from the cardiac tube

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15
Q

Describe the endocardium

A

Inner lining of the heart

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16
Q

What happens near the end of week 4?

A

Cardiac tube elongation and cardiac looping

17
Q

Where does the source of blood flowing into the sinus venosus of the heart come from?

A

Vitelline veins- returning poorly oxygenated blood from the yolk sac
Umbilical veins- carrying oxygenated blood from the chorionic sac
Common cardinal veins- returning poorly oxygenated blood from the embryo itself to the heart

18
Q

What occurs as the heart elongates and loops?

A

The primitive atria are displaced dorsally and cranially
The primitive ventricles are displaced caudally with the left ventricle towards the left and the right ventricle towards the right

19
Q

What happens in the 5th week?

A

Cardiac septation until 8th week

20
Q

How does septation in the ventricles occur?

A

Dorsal and ventral atrioventricular endocardial cushions- thickenings in the wall of the heart that develop into septa by fusing
Interventricular septum grows upwards to separate left and right ventricles, eventually joining to the endocardial cushions at around week 8

21
Q

What is the process of cardiac septation in the atria?

A

Septum primum forms and grows downwards
Foramen primum space is formed
Foramen secundum forms in septum primum
Septum secundum begins to form

22
Q

What is the hole in the right atria called?

A

Crista terminalis

23
Q

Describe foetal blood circulation in the heart

A

Foetal lungs not yet functional, so oxygen-rich blood from chorionic sac/placenta enters RA and goes directly into LA (right to left shunt)

24
Q

What hole in the atrial septa permits oxygen-rich blood to move from RA to LA?

A

Foramen Ovale

25
Q

How does the right to left shunt work?

A

Right atrium at higher pressure than left atrium so septum primum (valve of foreamen ovale) opens

26
Q

What happens to the right to left shunt after birth?

A

Higher pressure in atrium so septum primum shuts, foramen ovale becomes oval fossa (closed)

27
Q

Name the foetal remnants of adult heart anatomy

A

Fossa ovalis- foramen ovale
Ligamentum arteriosum- ductus arteriosus
Ligamentum venosum- ductus venosus
Ligamentum teres (hepatis)- umbilical vein

28
Q

Describe congenital heart defects

A

6-8/1000 births
Leading cause of neonatal morbidity
Can be caused by genetic or environmental factors
Variable severity

29
Q

Describe septal defects

A

Most common form is patent foramen ovale
Abnormal resorption of septum primum during formation of foramen secundum
Results in short septum primum and therefore foramen ovale is still open after birth

30
Q

Describe other types of CHD

A

Transposition of the great arteries- rare but very serious, pulmonary artery and aorta swapped over
Truncus arteriosus- rare but very serious, pulmonary artery and aorta don’t develop and remain as single vessel
Patent ductus arteriosus- connection between pulmonary artery and aorta in the foetus (remains open after birth)

Cardiovascular Anatomy (7 decks)

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