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Gross Anatomy > The Heart and Pericardium > Flashcards

The Heart and Pericardium Flashcards

1
Q

The pericardial sac has ____ layers which are ______.

A

Three
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium

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2
Q

What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A

It holds the heart in position in the thorax.

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3
Q

The fibrous pericardium is attached to _________ and sealed __________.

A

Diaphragm

Around the great vessels

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4
Q

The parietal and the visceral pericardium are part of the ______ pericardium.

A

serous

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5
Q

What is the function of the serous pericardium?

A

Secretes fluid so that two layers can glide against each other

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6
Q

In the thorax, the parietal pericardium is located _________

A

fused to the fibrous pericardium

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7
Q

In the thorax, the visceral pericardium is located ____________

A

on the surface of the heart

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8
Q

What is the origin of the pericardial sinuses?

A

Embryonic folds of the heart tube

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9
Q

The heart is divided by which two sinuses?

A

Transverse pericardial sinus

Oblique pericardial sinus

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10
Q

The heart is composed of ___ layers of tissue, which are _______.

A

Three
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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11
Q

Epicardium

A

visceral serous pericardium

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12
Q

myocardium

A

cardic muscle

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13
Q

endocardium

A

linign of the heart

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14
Q

The ___________ is the heartbeat you can feel in your chest wall.

A

apex beat

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15
Q

Coronary sulcus separates _________ from _________.

A

Atria

ventricles

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16
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the body from which vessels?

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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17
Q

The right atrium receives blood from the heart from what structure?

A

coronary sinus

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18
Q

What valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

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19
Q

The smooth wall of the atria are composed of what kind of tissue?

A

sinus venarum

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20
Q

The smooth wall of the atria are separated from the muscular wall by ______.

A

crista terminalis

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21
Q

The muscular wall of the atria are composed of what kind of tissue?

A

pectinate muscles

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22
Q

What separates the left and right atria?

A

interatrial septum

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23
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

Opening connecting left and right atrium in a fetus

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24
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

Remnant of the foramen ovale; depression in wall of right atrium in adult hearts

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25
Q

What is the ridge around the fossa ovalis called?

A

limbus fossa ovalis

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26
Q

The cusps of a valve are connected to _______ muscles via ___________.

A

papillary

chordae tendineae

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27
Q

The chordae tendineae of the valves prevent ________

A

prolapse

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28
Q

The muscular ridges of the ventricles are called _______

A

trabeculae carnae

29
Q

Blood exits the right ventricle through this vessel via this cardiac structure.

A

pulmonary trunk infundibulum

30
Q

The _______ is a moderator band in the right ventricle which prevents _______.

A

Septomarginal trabecula, distention of the ventricle

31
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into _____________, carries blood to _______, and is guarded by what type of valve.

A

Left and right pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Semilunar valve

32
Q

The space in the cup of a semilunar valve is called ______

A

sinus

33
Q

What is a nodule?

A

thickened edge where cups of semilunar valves meet

34
Q

What is a lunule?

A

thickened edge at the top of the cups

35
Q

In the body, the left atrium is located on the _________ side of the heart and receives blood from (how many) vessels called ________.

A

Posterior

4 pulmonary veins

36
Q

The auricles of the heart are lined by what type of tissue?

A

pectinate muscles

37
Q

What chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?

A

Left ventricle

38
Q

What is the name of the valve connecting the left atrium and ventricle?

A

Mitral valve or bicuspid valve

39
Q

Blood leaves the left ventricle through what vessel? And the blood in the vessel goes where?

A

Aorta

To the body

40
Q

The left atrioventricular valve has ______ cusps and the right atrioventricular valve has _____ cusps.

A

Two

Three

41
Q

What type of valve guards the exit of the left ventricle?

A

semilunar valve

42
Q

What is the difference between the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve?

A

the aortic semilunar valve has one ostia each inside the left and right cusps

43
Q

The ostia in the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve drain into _________.

A

coronary arteries

44
Q

Hypertrophy

A

non-tumerous increase in the size of an organ

45
Q

What is the cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?

A

hypertension and/or mitral/aortic valvular disease

46
Q

What are the three functions of the fibrous skeletons of the cardiac valves?

A

1) supports base of valves
2) provides base for attachment of cardiac muscle fibers
3) serves as electrical insulator

47
Q

The time when ventricles are contracting is called ______ and when the ventricles are relaxed ________.

A

Systole

Diastole

48
Q

In the “lub-dub” or heart sounds: the “lub” is ___________; the “dub” is ________.

A

AV valves closing

Semilunar valves closing

49
Q

The coronary arteries fill during _________.

A

diastole

50
Q

Right branches of the coronary artery are __________.

A

Posterior interventricular

nodal arteries

51
Q

Left branches of the coronary artery are __________

A 
anterior interventricular (LAD)
circumflex
52
Q

The ______, ________, and ______, cardiac veins drain into the _____________ and then into which heart chamber?

A

great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus and then into the right atrium

53
Q

Myocardial infarction, commonly known as _________, results from _________, or restriction of blood supply, which causes _________.

A

Heart attack
ischemia
necrosis

54
Q

The heart is innervated by what type of nerves? These nerves reach the heart via ______________.

A

autonomic nerves

cardiac plexus

55
Q

Do sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves supply the heart?

A

both

56
Q

What are the effects sympathetic innervation can have on the heart?

A

Speeds up heart beat, dialates coronary vessels, increases force of contraction

57
Q

What pathway do the sympathetic cardiac nerves take from the spinal chord to the heart?

A

Nerves com from upper thoracic segments, synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, travel to heart as cardiac nerves

58
Q

What are the effects parasympathetic innervation can have on the heart?

A

slows heartbeat, constricts coronary vessels, decreases force of contraction

59
Q

What pathway do the parasympathetic cardiac nerves take to get to the heart?

A

Come from Vagus nerve (CN X), preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia close to heart

60
Q

Cardiac pain is referred to which dermatomes?

A

t1-t5

61
Q

Where is cardiac pain referred to?

A

Anterior wall of chest, medial arm, jaws, or face

62
Q

Where is a pacemaker placed?

A

In the sinoatrial node of the right atrium

63
Q

Electrical impulses travel from the _________ to the ventricle through the _____ which contains ________ fibers.

A

AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje

64
Q

Blood in the fetal heart shunts from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via ____________

A

ductus arteriosus

65
Q

The remnant of the ductus arteriosus in adults is the _________

A

ligamentum arteriosum

66
Q

What causes the blood in a fetal heart to pass through the ductus arteriosus shunt?

A

pressure gradient

67
Q

Does the blood from the ductus arteriosus carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

deoxygenated blood

68
Q

The oxygenated blood in the fetal circulatory system originates in the _________ and travels to the heart through the ____________ vein.

A

placenta

umbilical

69
Q

In a fetus, blood from the right atrium travels to the __________ via __________ in order to bypass _________.

A

left atrium
foramen ovale
lungs

Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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