The Heart and Pericardium Flashcards
The pericardial sac has ____ layers which are ______.
Three
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium
What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?
It holds the heart in position in the thorax.
The fibrous pericardium is attached to _________ and sealed __________.
Diaphragm
Around the great vessels
The parietal and the visceral pericardium are part of the ______ pericardium.
serous
What is the function of the serous pericardium?
Secretes fluid so that two layers can glide against each other
In the thorax, the parietal pericardium is located _________
fused to the fibrous pericardium
In the thorax, the visceral pericardium is located ____________
on the surface of the heart
What is the origin of the pericardial sinuses?
Embryonic folds of the heart tube
The heart is divided by which two sinuses?
Transverse pericardial sinus
Oblique pericardial sinus
The heart is composed of ___ layers of tissue, which are _______.
Three
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium
visceral serous pericardium
myocardium
cardic muscle
endocardium
linign of the heart
The ___________ is the heartbeat you can feel in your chest wall.
apex beat
Coronary sulcus separates _________ from _________.
Atria
ventricles
The right atrium receives blood from the body from which vessels?
superior and inferior vena cava
The right atrium receives blood from the heart from what structure?
coronary sinus
What valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
The smooth wall of the atria are composed of what kind of tissue?
sinus venarum
The smooth wall of the atria are separated from the muscular wall by ______.
crista terminalis
The muscular wall of the atria are composed of what kind of tissue?
pectinate muscles
What separates the left and right atria?
interatrial septum
What is the foramen ovale?
Opening connecting left and right atrium in a fetus
What is the fossa ovalis?
Remnant of the foramen ovale; depression in wall of right atrium in adult hearts
What is the ridge around the fossa ovalis called?
limbus fossa ovalis
The cusps of a valve are connected to _______ muscles via ___________.
papillary
chordae tendineae
The chordae tendineae of the valves prevent ________
prolapse
The muscular ridges of the ventricles are called _______
trabeculae carnae
Blood exits the right ventricle through this vessel via this cardiac structure.
pulmonary trunk infundibulum
The _______ is a moderator band in the right ventricle which prevents _______.
Septomarginal trabecula, distention of the ventricle
The pulmonary trunk divides into _____________, carries blood to _______, and is guarded by what type of valve.
Left and right pulmonary arteries
Lungs
Semilunar valve
The space in the cup of a semilunar valve is called ______
sinus
What is a nodule?
thickened edge where cups of semilunar valves meet
What is a lunule?
thickened edge at the top of the cups
In the body, the left atrium is located on the _________ side of the heart and receives blood from (how many) vessels called ________.
Posterior
4 pulmonary veins
The auricles of the heart are lined by what type of tissue?
pectinate muscles
What chamber of the heart has the thickest walls?
Left ventricle
What is the name of the valve connecting the left atrium and ventricle?
Mitral valve or bicuspid valve
Blood leaves the left ventricle through what vessel? And the blood in the vessel goes where?
Aorta
To the body
The left atrioventricular valve has ______ cusps and the right atrioventricular valve has _____ cusps.
Two
Three
What type of valve guards the exit of the left ventricle?
semilunar valve
What is the difference between the pulmonary semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve?
the aortic semilunar valve has one ostia each inside the left and right cusps
The ostia in the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve drain into _________.
coronary arteries
Hypertrophy
non-tumerous increase in the size of an organ
What is the cause of left ventricular hypertrophy?
hypertension and/or mitral/aortic valvular disease
What are the three functions of the fibrous skeletons of the cardiac valves?
1) supports base of valves
2) provides base for attachment of cardiac muscle fibers
3) serves as electrical insulator
The time when ventricles are contracting is called ______ and when the ventricles are relaxed ________.
Systole
Diastole
In the “lub-dub” or heart sounds: the “lub” is ___________; the “dub” is ________.
AV valves closing
Semilunar valves closing
The coronary arteries fill during _________.
diastole
Right branches of the coronary artery are __________.
Posterior interventricular
nodal arteries
Left branches of the coronary artery are __________
anterior interventricular (LAD) circumflex
The ______, ________, and ______, cardiac veins drain into the _____________ and then into which heart chamber?
great, middle, and small cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus and then into the right atrium
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as _________, results from _________, or restriction of blood supply, which causes _________.
Heart attack
ischemia
necrosis
The heart is innervated by what type of nerves? These nerves reach the heart via ______________.
autonomic nerves
cardiac plexus
Do sympathetic or parasympathetic nerves supply the heart?
both
What are the effects sympathetic innervation can have on the heart?
Speeds up heart beat, dialates coronary vessels, increases force of contraction
What pathway do the sympathetic cardiac nerves take from the spinal chord to the heart?
Nerves com from upper thoracic segments, synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, travel to heart as cardiac nerves
What are the effects parasympathetic innervation can have on the heart?
slows heartbeat, constricts coronary vessels, decreases force of contraction
What pathway do the parasympathetic cardiac nerves take to get to the heart?
Come from Vagus nerve (CN X), preganglionic fibers synapse in ganglia close to heart
Cardiac pain is referred to which dermatomes?
t1-t5
Where is cardiac pain referred to?
Anterior wall of chest, medial arm, jaws, or face
Where is a pacemaker placed?
In the sinoatrial node of the right atrium
Electrical impulses travel from the _________ to the ventricle through the _____ which contains ________ fibers.
AV node
AV bundle
Purkinje
Blood in the fetal heart shunts from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta via ____________
ductus arteriosus
The remnant of the ductus arteriosus in adults is the _________
ligamentum arteriosum
What causes the blood in a fetal heart to pass through the ductus arteriosus shunt?
pressure gradient
Does the blood from the ductus arteriosus carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
deoxygenated blood
The oxygenated blood in the fetal circulatory system originates in the _________ and travels to the heart through the ____________ vein.
placenta
umbilical
In a fetus, blood from the right atrium travels to the __________ via __________ in order to bypass _________.
left atrium
foramen ovale
lungs
