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Gross Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system allows___?

A

our body to respond to the external and internal enviornment

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2
Q

The nervous system is ___ and __ divided

A

structurally divided into a CNS and PNS and functionally divided into a somatic and visceral (autonomic) nervous system

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3
Q

what are sensory functions

A

Afferent- that detect internal and external stimuli and send it to the nervous system

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4
Q

what are motor functions?

A

Efferent- responding to decisions

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5
Q

what is a neuron

A

a nerve cell, contains a cell body, process like axon and dendrites

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6
Q

what are the processes?

A

processes serve as connectors to other nerurons or to receptors on target structures

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7
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of nerve processes

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8
Q

What is CNS consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what does the spinal cord travel within?

A

the vertebral canal

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10
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end anatomically?

A

from the brain stem through the foramen magnum to L2 vertebral level

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11
Q

how many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31 for all spinal nerves but compressed to the length of the vertebral column

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12
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

located at L1-L2 where the spinal cord ends

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13
Q

cuada equina

A

is the horse tail like structure that are lower spinal nerves following the conus medullaris

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14
Q

Dural sac

A

contains meninges and CSF and surround the spinal cord and the cauda equina continues to the S2

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15
Q

Meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid subarachnoid and pia

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16
Q

CSF

A

cereborspinal fluid located in teb sub acarachnoid space

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17
Q

what is a lumbar puncture?

A

where CSF can be withdrawn from the subarachnoid space or anesthetics injected into it. the syringe is commonly placed between L3 and L4 to avoid the spinal cord

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18
Q

gray matter

A

neuron and cell bodies

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19
Q

white matter

A

bundles of nerve fibers, often form tracts

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20
Q

nucleus

A

collections of neuron cell bodies inside the cns

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of neuro cell bodies outside the cns ex. dorsal root ganglion

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22
Q

spinal cord gray matter

A

Central H shaped portion of the cord, contains neuron cell bodies arrangend in horns

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23
Q

Spinal cord horns

A

Dorsal horn- sensory
ventral horn- motor
lateral horn- visceral motor (autonomic)

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24
Q

Motor

A

Efferent when the impulse is carried away from CNS to muscle glands

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25
Q

Sensory

A

afferent- when the impulse is towards the CNS from sensory organs and sensory receptors
(pain, touch, temp and proprioception)

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26
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

“voluntary”

carries general sensations and motor impulses to skeletal muscle

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27
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary”

carries motor impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands, associated with visceral sensory nerves

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28
Q

what is a functional neural component

A

each individual neuron and the nerve fibers (axon/dendrite) associated w/it will carry motor or sensory information
and
somatic or visceral information

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29
Q

any single nerve (bundle of nerve fibers) may carry __ functional components

A

one or more

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30
Q

types of functional neural components

A 
somatic (general) motor
somatic sensory
visceral motor = autonomic
visceral sensory
special senses (cranial nerves only)
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31
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system

A

-all nervous tissues outside the cns
cranial, spinal and ganglia
-carries information to and from the central nervous system

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32
Q

Cranial nerves

A 
12 pairs (CN1- CNXII)
arise from the brain stem and diencephalon, supplies the head and neck. may carry any or all teh functional neural components
33
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs, exit below the skull and b/w the vertebrae, supply the body wall and limbs, carry all functional components except special sensations

34
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

for the vertebral region they exit

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve

35
Q

rootlets

A

attach to the spinal cord and converge to form roots

36
Q

Dorsal root

A

posterior and carries sensory fibers

sensory neurons cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion

37
Q

ventral root

A

anterior and carries motor fibers, somatic motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral horn, visceral motor cell bodies are in the lateral horn

38
Q

roots merge to form mixed____

A

spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor fibers

39
Q

rami

A

what the spinal nerve splits into and have various mixed components and go out the the body

40
Q

dorsal ramus

A

mix of motor and sensory fibers, supplies the vertebral column, associated muscles and skin (midline of the back)

41
Q

ventral ramus

A

a mix of motor and sensory fibers, supplies the majority of the body wall and the limbs

42
Q

dermatomes

A

discrete area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve includes areas supplied by both ventral and dorsal rami

43
Q

shingles

A

the chicken pox virus lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglion (or cranial nerve eq.) then later remerges as shingles which follow along the dermatome associated with the specific ganglion involved

44
Q

what does ANS supply?

A

visceral motor nerves, supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.

45
Q

ANS divisions

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

46
Q

the ANS two neuron system synapses

A

from CNs to the target structure there are two neurons which transmit impulse.
preganglionic (in CNS)
postganglionic (in PNS)

47
Q

Sympathetic system

A

most wide spread throughout the body, fight or flight responses
relaxes walls of viscera, innervates arrector pili muscles contricts superfical peripheral blood vessels etc.

48
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons for sympathetic system

A

arise from the thoracolumbar origin in the lateral horn at spinal cord levels T1-L2

49
Q

what does the sympathetic target

A

inside body cavity (carried by splanchnic nerves), head and neck, limbs and body wall carried by spinal nerves (blood vessels, sweat gland and arrector pili muscles

50
Q

where are postganglionic cell bodies located for sympathetic system?

A

sympathetic chain ganlia (para vertebral ganglia (in the thorax)
and para aortic ganglia (above the abdominal aorta)

51
Q

paravertebral ganglia location

A

two chains parallel to the vertebral column, from base of skull to the coccyx. at each level except the neck , consolidated to 3 cervical ganglia

52
Q

para-aortic ganglia

A

located along the abdominal aorta and in the pelvis

53
Q

how does the sympathetic chain attach to the spinal nerve?

A

via white and gray communicating rami (the little triangle from the spinal nerve)

54
Q

how does the sympathetic chain connect to the para- aortic ganglia?

A

via splanchnic nerves (not spinal)

55
Q

sympathetic pathways all begin in this same way

A

preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horn t1-l2 leave via ventral root, travel via white ramus communicans to the sympathetic chain then have 3 pathways: cranial, thoracic viscera or abdominal viscera

56
Q

cranial sympathetics

A

move up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse in the ganlion then the post sganglionic nerves travel along blood vessels to the head

57
Q

sympathetics to thoracic viscera

A

synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, postganglionic fibers now leave as cardiac/ pu,monary nerves to supply thoracic viscera

58
Q

sympathetics to abdominal viscera

A

dont synapse in the chain ganglia leave as splanchnic nerves (still pre) , synapse in para aortic ganglia then post gang fibers supply abdominal and pelvic viscera

59
Q

the only sympathetic target that use spinal nerves

A

body wall, neck and limbs

60
Q

parasympathetic system

A

rest and digest

61
Q

Preganglionic neurons for para symp. arise from

A

brain stem and spinal cord levels S2-4 Craniosacral

62
Q

pregang fibers for para symp follow__

A

cranial nerves or pelvic splanchnic nerves. they synapse in autonomic ganglia in the head or near walls of the viscera

63
Q

visceral sensory nerve

A

accompany autonomic fibers except they return to the spinal cord via dorsal root.

64
Q

visceral sensory cell bodies are located in

A

dorasal root ganglion (no synapse here)

65
Q

visceral sensory carry__

A

pain or visceral reflex info and most pain fibers tend to accompany sympathetic nerves

66
Q

Axilla contains major vessels and nerves that travel __-

A

to and from the upper limb and the neck

67
Q

brachial plexus is a network that___

A

network of nerves that go to and from the upper limb execpt for the trapezius muscle.

68
Q

brachial plexus is formed__

A

formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 are often known as roots of the plexus

69
Q

terminal branches in the brachial plexus

A

result from joining and mixing of several nerve roots. so individual (named) nerves are usually composed of more than one spinal nerve. ex ulnar nerve contains C8-T1

70
Q

how are the cords named in the brachial plexus

A

in relation to the axillary artery

71
Q

what are 5 major branches in the terminal nerves of brachial plexus

A

median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, radial and axillary

72
Q

minor branches of the brachial plexus

A

medial pectoral nerve( from medial cord) and lateral pectoral nerve (from lateral cord)

73
Q

what does the median nerve supply?

A

the muscles of the anterior forearm and the thumb

74
Q

what does the ulnar nerve supply?

A

the intrinsic muscles of the hand

75
Q

what does the musculotaneous nerve supply?

A

the muselces of the anterior compartment of the arm. ex biceps

76
Q

the radial nerve supplies__

A

muscles of the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm

77
Q

what does the axillary nerve supply?

A

muscles of the shoulder (not trapezius)

78
Q

what is Wrist drop

A

the radial nerve runs along the posterior surface of the humerous. mid shaft fractures can damage the nerve, causing weakness or paralysis of the muscles of the posterior part of the forearm. inablility to to extend the wrist will lead to weakened grip

79
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome

A

median nerve crosses the wrist within a tightly bound space known as carpal tunnel. inflimmation from repetitive motion compresses the nerve leading to thumb muscle weakness and sensory deficitis along the lateral portion of the hand

Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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