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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system allows___?

A

our body to respond to the external and internal enviornment

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2
Q

The nervous system is ___ and __ divided

A

structurally divided into a CNS and PNS and functionally divided into a somatic and visceral (autonomic) nervous system

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3
Q

what are sensory functions

A

Afferent- that detect internal and external stimuli and send it to the nervous system

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4
Q

what are motor functions?

A

Efferent- responding to decisions

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5
Q

what is a neuron

A

a nerve cell, contains a cell body, process like axon and dendrites

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6
Q

what are the processes?

A

processes serve as connectors to other nerurons or to receptors on target structures

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7
Q

what are nerves

A

bundles of nerve processes

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8
Q

What is CNS consist of?

A

the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

what does the spinal cord travel within?

A

the vertebral canal

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10
Q

where does the spinal cord begin and end anatomically?

A

from the brain stem through the foramen magnum to L2 vertebral level

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11
Q

how many segments does the spinal cord have?

A

31 for all spinal nerves but compressed to the length of the vertebral column

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12
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

located at L1-L2 where the spinal cord ends

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13
Q

cuada equina

A

is the horse tail like structure that are lower spinal nerves following the conus medullaris

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14
Q

Dural sac

A

contains meninges and CSF and surround the spinal cord and the cauda equina continues to the S2

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15
Q

Meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid subarachnoid and pia

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16
Q

CSF

A

cereborspinal fluid located in teb sub acarachnoid space

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17
Q

what is a lumbar puncture?

A

where CSF can be withdrawn from the subarachnoid space or anesthetics injected into it. the syringe is commonly placed between L3 and L4 to avoid the spinal cord

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18
Q

gray matter

A

neuron and cell bodies

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19
Q

white matter

A

bundles of nerve fibers, often form tracts

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20
Q

nucleus

A

collections of neuron cell bodies inside the cns

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21
Q

ganglion

A

collection of neuro cell bodies outside the cns ex. dorsal root ganglion

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22
Q

spinal cord gray matter

A

Central H shaped portion of the cord, contains neuron cell bodies arrangend in horns

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23
Q

Spinal cord horns

A

Dorsal horn- sensory
ventral horn- motor
lateral horn- visceral motor (autonomic)

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24
Q

Motor

A

Efferent when the impulse is carried away from CNS to muscle glands

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25
Sensory
afferent- when the impulse is towards the CNS from sensory organs and sensory receptors (pain, touch, temp and proprioception)
26
Somatic nervous system
"voluntary" | carries general sensations and motor impulses to skeletal muscle
27
Autonomic nervous system
involuntary" | carries motor impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands, associated with visceral sensory nerves
28
what is a functional neural component
each individual neuron and the nerve fibers (axon/dendrite) associated w/it will carry motor or sensory information and somatic or visceral information
29
any single nerve (bundle of nerve fibers) may carry __ functional components
one or more
30
types of functional neural components
``` somatic (general) motor somatic sensory visceral motor = autonomic visceral sensory special senses (cranial nerves only) ```
31
what is the peripheral nervous system
-all nervous tissues outside the cns cranial, spinal and ganglia -carries information to and from the central nervous system
32
Cranial nerves
``` 12 pairs (CN1- CNXII) arise from the brain stem and diencephalon, supplies the head and neck. may carry any or all teh functional neural components ```
33
spinal nerves
31 pairs, exit below the skull and b/w the vertebrae, supply the body wall and limbs, carry all functional components except special sensations
34
How are spinal nerves named?
for the vertebral region they exit | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal nerve
35
rootlets
attach to the spinal cord and converge to form roots
36
Dorsal root
posterior and carries sensory fibers | sensory neurons cell bodies are located in the dorsal root ganglion
37
ventral root
anterior and carries motor fibers, somatic motor neuron cell bodies are located in the ventral horn, visceral motor cell bodies are in the lateral horn
38
roots merge to form mixed____
spinal nerve carries both sensory and motor fibers
39
rami
what the spinal nerve splits into and have various mixed components and go out the the body
40
dorsal ramus
mix of motor and sensory fibers, supplies the vertebral column, associated muscles and skin (midline of the back)
41
ventral ramus
a mix of motor and sensory fibers, supplies the majority of the body wall and the limbs
42
dermatomes
discrete area of skin supplied by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve includes areas supplied by both ventral and dorsal rami
43
shingles
the chicken pox virus lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglion (or cranial nerve eq.) then later remerges as shingles which follow along the dermatome associated with the specific ganglion involved
44
what does ANS supply?
visceral motor nerves, supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
45
ANS divisions
sympathetic and parasympathetic
46
the ANS two neuron system synapses
from CNs to the target structure there are two neurons which transmit impulse. preganglionic (in CNS) postganglionic (in PNS)
47
Sympathetic system
most wide spread throughout the body, fight or flight responses relaxes walls of viscera, innervates arrector pili muscles contricts superfical peripheral blood vessels etc.
48
Where are the preganglionic neurons for sympathetic system
arise from the thoracolumbar origin in the lateral horn at spinal cord levels T1-L2
49
what does the sympathetic target
inside body cavity (carried by splanchnic nerves), head and neck, limbs and body wall carried by spinal nerves (blood vessels, sweat gland and arrector pili muscles
50
where are postganglionic cell bodies located for sympathetic system?
sympathetic chain ganlia (para vertebral ganglia (in the thorax) and para aortic ganglia (above the abdominal aorta)
51
paravertebral ganglia location
two chains parallel to the vertebral column, from base of skull to the coccyx. at each level except the neck , consolidated to 3 cervical ganglia
52
para-aortic ganglia
located along the abdominal aorta and in the pelvis
53
how does the sympathetic chain attach to the spinal nerve?
via white and gray communicating rami (the little triangle from the spinal nerve)
54
how does the sympathetic chain connect to the para- aortic ganglia?
via splanchnic nerves (not spinal)
55
sympathetic pathways all begin in this same way
preganglionic cell bodies in the lateral horn t1-l2 leave via ventral root, travel via white ramus communicans to the sympathetic chain then have 3 pathways: cranial, thoracic viscera or abdominal viscera
56
cranial sympathetics
move up to the superior cervical ganglion, synapse in the ganlion then the post sganglionic nerves travel along blood vessels to the head
57
sympathetics to thoracic viscera
synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, postganglionic fibers now leave as cardiac/ pu,monary nerves to supply thoracic viscera
58
sympathetics to abdominal viscera
dont synapse in the chain ganglia leave as splanchnic nerves (still pre) , synapse in para aortic ganglia then post gang fibers supply abdominal and pelvic viscera
59
the only sympathetic target that use spinal nerves
body wall, neck and limbs
60
parasympathetic system
rest and digest
61
Preganglionic neurons for para symp. arise from
brain stem and spinal cord levels S2-4 Craniosacral
62
pregang fibers for para symp follow__
cranial nerves or pelvic splanchnic nerves. they synapse in autonomic ganglia in the head or near walls of the viscera
63
visceral sensory nerve
accompany autonomic fibers except they return to the spinal cord via dorsal root.
64
visceral sensory cell bodies are located in
dorasal root ganglion (no synapse here)
65
visceral sensory carry__
pain or visceral reflex info and most pain fibers tend to accompany sympathetic nerves
66
Axilla contains major vessels and nerves that travel __-
to and from the upper limb and the neck
67
brachial plexus is a network that___
network of nerves that go to and from the upper limb execpt for the trapezius muscle.
68
brachial plexus is formed__
formed from the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1 are often known as roots of the plexus
69
terminal branches in the brachial plexus
result from joining and mixing of several nerve roots. so individual (named) nerves are usually composed of more than one spinal nerve. ex ulnar nerve contains C8-T1
70
how are the cords named in the brachial plexus
in relation to the axillary artery
71
what are 5 major branches in the terminal nerves of brachial plexus
median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, radial and axillary
72
minor branches of the brachial plexus
medial pectoral nerve( from medial cord) and lateral pectoral nerve (from lateral cord)
73
what does the median nerve supply?
the muscles of the anterior forearm and the thumb
74
what does the ulnar nerve supply?
the intrinsic muscles of the hand
75
what does the musculotaneous nerve supply?
the muselces of the anterior compartment of the arm. ex biceps
76
the radial nerve supplies__
muscles of the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm
77
what does the axillary nerve supply?
muscles of the shoulder (not trapezius)
78
what is Wrist drop
the radial nerve runs along the posterior surface of the humerous. mid shaft fractures can damage the nerve, causing weakness or paralysis of the muscles of the posterior part of the forearm. inablility to to extend the wrist will lead to weakened grip
79
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
median nerve crosses the wrist within a tightly bound space known as carpal tunnel. inflimmation from repetitive motion compresses the nerve leading to thumb muscle weakness and sensory deficitis along the lateral portion of the hand

Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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