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Gross Anatomy > Anterior Body Wall > Flashcards

Anterior Body Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Pectoral region consists of

A

pectoral muscles, breast, vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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2
Q

pectoral muscles

A

the pectoralis major and minor (upper limb muscles) overlie the true muscles of the thoracic wall

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3
Q

pectoral major (origin, insertion)

A

origin: sternum, clavical upper costal cartilages, insertion: via tendon to the humerus,

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4
Q

pectoral minor (origin, insertion, )

A

origin: ribs 3-6 insertion: coracoid process of scapula

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5
Q

Mammary gland

A

modified sweat gland located withing the superficial fascia, composed of gland lobules and fat- they are radially arranged and drain to the nipple via lactiferous ducts

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6
Q

areola

A

deeply pigmented skin around the nipple or papilla

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7
Q

breast

A

15-20 gland lobules size varies with age, pregnancy and lactation.

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8
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

are connective tissue the seperate the loubules of fat between the glands in the breast

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9
Q

what nerves supply the breast

A

the cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves

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10
Q

what blood supplies the breast

A

vascularization is from the internal thoracic artery and veins and the lateral thoracic artery and vein

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11
Q

axillary lymph nodes

A

upper limb and breast lymphatic vessels drain here. they follow both superficial and deep veins

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12
Q

Breast lymphatics

A

clinically important in the spread of breast cancer most lymph 75% from breast drains to axillary nodes. doc check here to see if cancer has metastasized.

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13
Q

intervertebral disc

A

vertebrae are seperated by these, changes in density can affect body height, changes due to aging, collapse or curvature of spine

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14
Q

intervertebral formania

A

allow the passage of spinal nerves these will supply the body wall and limbs.

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15
Q

be able to id the body landmarks of lower anterior body wall

A

iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle and pubic symphisis

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16
Q

body wall layers

A

skin, superficial fascia, muscle layers, transversalis fascial layer (in abdomen), endothoracic/abdominal layer, serous lining of body cavities

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17
Q

body wall

A

encloses the body cavities, protects the internal organs

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18
Q

skin has two major layers

A

epidermis and dermis

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19
Q

the dermis contains

A

hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, sebaceous and sweat glands, nerves and vessels

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20
Q

superficial fascia

A

deep to the skin, contains fat, cutaneous vessels and nerves (tele subcutanea)

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21
Q

fascia

A

connective tissue padding and casing. deep and superficial

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22
Q

deep fascia

A

dense connective tissue, white or shiny not easily seperable and covers over muscles like a glove

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23
Q

muscle layers in the thorax and abdomen

A

external, internal and innermost. the abdomen has an additional longitudinal muscle layer located anteriorly

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24
Q

Pectoralis major function?

A

Adduction (lowering of the arm), medial rotation (pictured), flexion of the arm (motion of lifting a child)

25
Q

What is the innervation of the pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

26
Q

what is the innervation of pectoralis minor

A

innervation: medial pectoral nerve

27
Q

what is the function of the pectoralis minor

A

function: depress/ stabilize the shoulder and elevate the ribs when the shoulder is fixed in place (reason for hand on hips when breathing heavy)

28
Q

What are the 2 layers of fascia between the muscle and serous lining layer?

A
  • Endothoracic fascia or Endoabdominal fascia- Transversalis fascia
29
Q

Define the serous membrane layer.

A

Outer lining layer of the body cavities deep to the muscles and fascia, where somatic sensory nerves are located

  • Thorax = “parietal pleura”
  • Abdomen = “parietal peritoneum”
30
Q

What is the thorax?

A
  • The upper part of the trunk
  • Thoracic wall encloses and protects the thoracic cavity, which contains thoracic viscera
31
Q
A
32
Q

Name and describe the muscle layers of the thoracic wall.

A
  • External intercostals, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals
  • Lie between ribs, move the rib cage, maintain intercostal space
33
Q

Describe the fibers of the external intercostal muscles.

A
  • Fibers run anterior-inferior
  • Anteriorly ends as a “membrane,” the external intercostal membrane (aponeurosis)
34
Q

What direction do the internal intercostal muscles run?

A

Perpendicular to external intercostal muscles

35
Q

Describe the innermost intercostal muscles.

A
  • Lie deep to internal intercostal layer
  • not a continuous layer
  • transverse thoracis fans out from sternum to costal cartilages
  • Separated from the internal layer by a neuromuscular plane
36
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Muscles of the abdominal anterior wall
  4. Transversalis fascia
  5. Endoabdominal fascia
  6. Parietal peritoneum
37
Q

What are the functions of abdominal muscles?

A

Move the trunk (lateral and anterior flexion)

  • Support upright posture
  • Compress abdominal contents during: defecation, urination, child birth, coughing, vomiting
38
Q

Describe the location and direction of the external obliques.

A

Attach at the inferior ribs, iliac crest to the anterior superior iliac spine. Inferior border is the inguinal ligament.
- Fibers run in the same direction as the external intercostals (like putting hands in pockets)

39
Q

What is the “linea alba?”

A

Place along the midline of the body where the tendon fibers of aponeuroses meet and hold body together

40
Q

Describe the location and direction of the internal obliques.

A

Attachment from iliac crest to the inferior ribs and costal cartilages.
- medially becomes an aponeurosis (meet at linea alba)

41
Q

Describe the location of the transversus abdominus.

A
  • Innermost muscle layer
  • Attaches to iliac crest and lower costal cartilages
  • Medially becomes an aponeurosis attaching to the linea alba.
42
Q

Describe the rectus abdominus.

A

Midline paired muscles

  • Surrounded by an aponeurotic sheath (like an envelope)
  • Attaches at pubic crest, costal cartilages and xiphoid process
  • Muscle fibers are interrupted by tendinous intersections (forming the six-pack)
43
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A
  • Tendinous sheath formed from the splitting of aponeuroses to create an envelope enclosing the rectus abdominus (anterior and posterior layers)
44
Q

What is the innervation of the anterior body wall?

A
  • Ventral rami of T1-T12 (the intercostal nerves) and L1 spinal nerves
  • Lower intercostal nerves and L1 angle down to supply abdominal wall (T10 dermatome at level of belly button)
45
Q

What is the arterial supply of the anterior body wall?

A
  • Subclavian artery and branches supply upper limb and anterior thoracic wall
  • At lower border of the first rib, subclavian artery changes name to axially artery (travels through axilla surrounded by cords of the brachial plexus)
46
Q

Where is the internal thoracic artery?

A
  • Branches from the subclavian arteries
  • Runs just lateral (outside) of the sternum
  • Ends by dividing into the:
    >> Musculophrenic artery
    >> Superior epigastric artery
  • Anterior intercostal arteries branch from the internal thoracic and the musculophrenic artery
47
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the arm.

A

The axillary artery continues as the brachial artery
- Brachial artery continues into the forearm and becomes the radial and ulnar arteries

48
Q

How is blood pressure measured?

A

Compressing the brachial artery against the humerus using a sphygmomanometer

49
Q

How is wrist pulse taken in the clinic?

A

Compressing the radial artery (more superficial)

50
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the POSTERIOR body wall.

A
  • Segmental arterial supply from the thoracic and abdominal aorta
  • Segmental arteries:
    >> posterior intercostal arteries in the thorax
    >> lumbar arteries in the abdomen
51
Q

What is the midaxillary line?

A

Vertical line that runs through the middle of the axilla
- Where blood vessels meet

52
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

When an area of the body is receiving blood from more than one artery

53
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the posterior body wall.

A
  • Posterior intercostal veins drain in to the azygos and hemiazygos veins
  • Lumbar veins drain into the inferior vena cava
54
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the anterior body wall.

A
  • Anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic veins
  • Anterior abdominal veins drain into the epigastric veins
  • There is an extensive network of superficial veins within the superficial fascia
55
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the upper limb.

A
  • Superficial veins of the upper limb begin as the dorsal venous arch of the hand
  • They travel just under the skin in the superficial fascia
  • They continue proximally as the:
    >> Cephalic Vein (lateral)
    >> Basilic Vein (medial)
  • They often connect by a median cubital vein in the cubital fossa
56
Q

What is venipuncture?

A

Blood is drawn or intravenous infusions (like IV sedation) are injected into the medial cubital vein or the dorsal venous arch of the hand

57
Q

How does venous drainage work?

A
  • Deep veins follow arteries, usually have names similar to the arteries
  • Veins within the limbs usually contain valves, which prevent back flow towards the heart
58
Q

What are vaicose veins

A
  • Incompetent valves cause varicose veins

when the valves are too loose

Gross Anatomy (5 decks)

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