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Pure Anatomy And Physiology > The Heart And CV System > Flashcards

The Heart And CV System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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2
Q

What is the heart made up of?

A

Vessels - entering and leaving the heart
Superior and inferior venae cava - deoxy blood from body to right atrium
Pulmonary trunk - deoxy blood to lungs
Pulmonary veins - oxy blood back to left atrium
Aorta - oxy blood to body

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3
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Made up of 2 sacs
Outer sac - outer-fibrous pericardium which consists of fibrous tissue. Inelastic and protects over-distension of heart
Inner sac - serous pericardium, double layer of serous membrane, single layer of endothelial cells (smooth lining) has layers
Inner layer - visceral pericardium, firmly attached to myocardium
Outer layer - parietal pericardium lines fibrous pericardium with fluid

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4
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Specialised cardiac muscle only found in the heart
Striated with big mitochondria to supply it’s high energy needs
Not under voluntary control
The intercalated discs are thicker than the striations. This arrangement gives the function of a sheet of muscle rather than individual.
When impulse is initiated it spreads over the whole sheet meaning the arrangement enables the whole heart to contract in coordination
Generates force necessary to circulate blood through the body

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5
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Lines the chambers and valves
Single flattened epithelial cells are continuous with the endothelium lining of the blood vessels, very smooth to minimise friction

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6
Q

Where does exchange of gases and nutrients take place?

A

Capillaries as they have a single layer of endothelial cells that allows gasses and nutrients to diffuse through

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7
Q

What are cardiac myocytes and their function?

A

Striated muscle cells
Spontaneously depolarise
Depolarisation spread via intercalated discs
Depolarisation of myocytes allow Ca2+ ions to enter and causes contraction

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8
Q

What are the names of the 4 valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid
Bicuspid
Aortic
Pulmonary

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9
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Vol. of blood pumped out of the heart in 1 minute
Cardiac output = vol. of blood pumped out the ventricle on each contraction multiplied by the number of beats per min
Stroke volume x HR
CO = SV x HR

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10
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The heart goes through rhythmic cycle of contraction and relaxation
Ventricular contraction = systole
Ventricular relaxation= diastole

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11
Q

Where are the arterial and pulse points?

A

Temporal artery
Carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery

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12
Q

What is the electrical system within the heart?

A

-The SA node cells depolarise and set the rate of contraction
- Depolarisation spreads through the atria to the AVN
- bundle of His
- left and right bundle branches
- purkinje fibres carry the electric activity throughout ventricular myocardium

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13
Q

What is arterial blood pressure and how is it measured?

A

Measured in mmHg (mm of mercury)
In ventricular systole the left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta
Pressure increase to 120mmHg
During diastole (relaxation) the pressure doesn’t drop to 0 because of elastic recoil of the arteries
Approx. 80mmHg

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14
Q

What factors determine arterial BP?

A

Depends on amount of blood being pumped out and the resistance to the flow
Mean arterial BP = cardiac output x total peripheral resistance (TPR - resistance of arterioles)

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15
Q

What factors affect cardiac output?

A

If the heart contracts with less strength, will reduce SV and reduce CO
If blood volume is low and heart fills less, this will reduce SV and reduce CO

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16
Q

What is the short and long term control of BP?

A

Short term - control of BP via baroreceptor reflex
Long term - hormonal control
Control blood volume via kidneys

17
Q

What is autonomic innervation of the heart?

A

Cells in SA and AV node have symp and parasympathetic innervation
Parasympathetic activity decreases HR through release of acetylcholine
Sympathetic activity inc, HR through release or noradrenaline
Cells in ventricular myocardium only have sympathetic innervation
Sympathetic activity inc, force of contraction through release or noradrenaline

18
Q

What are the 3 layers of tissue in the arteries and veins and their functions and characteristics?

A

Tunica adventitia - protects and supports the vessel
Tunica media - has smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Tunica intima - one cell thick, smooth lining later

19
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava empty contents to right atrium
Through the right atrioventricular valve to the right ventricle into pulmonary artery
The opening of artery is guarded by pulmonary valve formed by 3 semilunar cusps. This valve prevents back flow.
Pulmonary artery divides into L and R, carries blood into lungs for gas exchange
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood to left atrium.
Then passes through the left atrioventricular valve into left ventricle and there it is pumped into aorta

20
Q

What are the types of vessels that make up the circulatory system?

A

Veins
Arteries
Capillaries

21
Q

What is the structure of the arteries and arterioles like?

A

Thick walls to withstand higher pressure of blood
Tunica media allows the vessel to stretch, to absorb the pressure wave generated by the heart as it beats

22
Q

What is the structure of a capillary and sinusoid like?

A

Single layer of endothelial cells,
Permeable to water and other small molecules
They can link to the smallest arterioles and venules

23
Q

What is the structure of the veins and venules like?

A

Capillaries converge to form tiny venules
Blood pressure drops in the capillary beds, so blood passing into the venous system is under very low pressure
Veins have valves which prevent back flow
Formed by a fold of tunica intima and strengthened by connective tissue

24
Q

What is the position of the heart in relation to the different organs?

A

Inferioly - the apex, rests on the central tendon of the diaphragm
Superiorly - the great blood vessels, aorta, superior vena cava, pulmonary artery and veins
Posteriorly - oesophagus, trachea, L & R bronchus, descending aorta, inferior vena cava and thoracic vertebrae
Laterally - lungs
Anteriorly - sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles

25
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in organs

26
Q

What is the functions of arteries?

A

Bring oxygenated blood from your heart to all of the body’s cells

27
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Collect deoxygenated throughout the body and carry it back to the heart

28
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries
Measured in mmHg

29
Q

Define peripheral resistance

A

The resistance in the circulatory system that is used to create BP, the flow of blood and also helps in cardiac function

30
Q

How does peripheral resistance affect BP?

A

Increases in peripheral resistance, blood volume and cardiac output result in higher BP

31
Q

What is the location and role of barorecptors?

A

Located in blood vessels near the heart that provide info pertaining to blood volume and pressure by detecting the stretch on vascular walls

32
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Moves blood between the heart and the lungs. Transports deoxy blood to lungs to absorb O2 and release CO2. The oxy blood then flows back the heart

33
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body. Sends out oxy blood out to cells and returns deoxy blood to the heart

Pure Anatomy And Physiology (18 decks)

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