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Biology > The Heart And Breathing > Flashcards

The Heart And Breathing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the heart?

A

A muscular pump

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2
Q

What three things are the mammalian heart made up of?

A

Mostly made of cardiac tissue
Some purkyne tissue (modified to conduct impulses)
Plus blood vessels, blood and connective tissue

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3
Q

How many valves are inside the heart? What do they do?

A

4 valves - control the flow of blood in the heart

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4
Q

Where are the valves situated?

A

There are 2 between the atria and ventricles
And 2 at the base of the arteries leading from the ventricles
They are all one way

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5
Q

Why does the heart not require nervous stimulation in order to pump blood?

A

It has its own pacemaker it is myogenic

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6
Q

What is the pump process?

A

1) . Two Atria fill up at the same time
2) . Pressure in atria increases and forces the AV valves to open
3) . Blood flows into the ventricles and start to fill with blood
4) . After a short delay the ventricular muscles contract
5) . Contraction forces the semilunar valves to open
6) . Contraction shuts the AV valves
7) . Blood leaves left ventricle via the aorta
8) . Blood leaves right ventricle via pulmonary artery to lungs
9) . Oxygenated blood from lung enters the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
10) . Deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body enter the right atrium via the vena cava

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7
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Blood that is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated

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8
Q

What is systematic circulation?

A

Blood that is pumped to other parts of the body that need oxygen

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9
Q

What are the two advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

1) . Blood to tissue is always oxygenated because the two circulations are seperate
2) . Blood to tissue is under high preassure because it is pumped twice - more efficient

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10
Q

Why do the ventricles have a thicker muscular wall that the atria?

A

The ventricles have to force blood out of the heart and futher than the atria

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11
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

A

Left ventricle pushes blood out the aorta and around the body.

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12
Q

What are examples of cardiovascular disease?

A

Angina, heart attack, heart failure

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13
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Term that describes when your hearts blood supply is blocked by a build up of fatty substances

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14
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

Blocks ateries when the levels are too high

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15
Q

What is good cholesterol?

A

Carries bad cholesterol to the liver to be removed from the bloodstream

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16
Q

What are the causes of the coronary heart disease?

A

Lifestyle choice, high blood pressure, genetics, gender

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17
Q

What happens to the coronary arteries?

A

The arteries surround the heart, if the arteries become blocked with fatty substances this can reduce blood flow, as the arteries become narrow. Therefore a lack of O2 to the heart muscle, without O2 the muscle tissue is unable to respire correctly causing heart attacks

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18
Q

What are Stents?

A

Small tubes made from a mesh that are insterted into the coronary arteries

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19
Q

How do stents work?

A
  • inserted using a thin tube and a balloon
  • balloon is inflated and stent expands
  • stent remains in artery and widens the blood vessel increasing blood flow
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20
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that can be prescribed to a patient that has high cholesterol levels

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21
Q

How do statins work?

A

Reducing the amount of ‘bad’ cholesterol in the bloodstream and promoting the levels of good

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22
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A
  • Help lower bad cholesterol which decreases risk of stroke and heart attacks
  • Help stabilise blood vessel lining - makes plaque less likely to rupture
  • Help relax the blood vessels
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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A
  • Makes your body reduce chemical CO2 10 which causes muscle pain
  • Could have liver or kidney damage due to them
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24
Q

What are Arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

25
Q

What are the artery walls like?

A

As heart pumps blood out at high pressure so the artery walls are:

  • thick due to thick layers of muscle to make them strong
  • have elastic fibres to allow them to strech and spring back
26
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • They are Arteries that branch into capillaries
  • involved in the exchange of materials in the tissue, they carry blood really close to the cell in the body to exchange substances with them
27
Q

What type of walls do capillaries have?

A

Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out of them

28
Q

What do capillaries supply and take away?

A

Supply food and oxygen and remove waste like CO2

29
Q

Whay are the walls of capillaries one cell thick?

A

It increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it works

30
Q

What are veins?

A

Capillaries that have joined to form veins that carry blood into the heart

31
Q

What is the structure of veins like?

A
  • The blood is at low pressure in the veins so the walls aren’t as thick as the artery walls
  • They have a bigger lumen to help the blood flow despite low pressure
32
Q

What do veins have that help to keep the blood flowing in the right direction?

A

Valves

33
Q

What is the equation of blood flow?

A

Rate of blood flow = volume of blood ➗ number of minutes

34
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

35
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell like?

A
  • ,Shape is bioconcave disc which gives a large SA for absorbing O2.
  • Dont have a nucleus which lets them hold more O2.
36
Q

What pigment do red blood cells contain?

A

Red pigment - Haemoglobin

37
Q

What does heamoglobin do?

A
  • In lungs it binds to the O2 to become oxyhaemoglobin.

- In body tissue the oxyhaemoglobin splits in to haemoglobiin and O2, to release oxygen to cells

38
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Defend against infection

39
Q

What three things can white blood cells do to fight pathogens?

A
  • change their shape and engulf in phagocytosis
  • produce antibodies to fight as well as antitoxins to neutralise any toxins produced
  • extend their membranes and make own enzymes to engulf pathogens
40
Q

What else do white blood cells have?

A

A nucleus

41
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments that have no nucleus that help form clots

42
Q

What is the process for how platelets work?

A
  • damaged blood vessels emit signals
  • platelets arrive at the site of damage
  • they become active and bind to the site
  • this traps red blood cells & forms a clot to reduce bleeding
43
Q

What is Plasma?

A

The substance that carries everything in the blood

44
Q

What does plasma carry?

A
  • red&white blood cells & platelets
  • nutrients eg glucose&amino acids (products of digestion) from gut to cells of body
  • CO2 from lungs
  • urea from liver to kidneys
  • hormones & proteins
  • antibodies and antitoxins by WBC’s
45
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Term used to describe the diseases of the heart or blood vessels

46
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled?

A

Controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium that act as a pacemaker is

47
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

Electrical devices that are used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

48
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue consisting of plasma, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are suspended

49
Q

What does a faulty valve do?

A

the damage may cause the valve tissue to stiffen, so it wont open properly. or it may become leaky, allowing blood to flow in the both directions therefore blood doesn’t circulate as effectively as normal

50
Q

What could happen in the case of heart failure?

A

A donor heart, or hear and lungs can be transplanted.

51
Q

Why are artificial hearts used?

A

To keep paitents alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant, or to allow the heart to rest as an aid to recovery

52
Q

What do valves do?

A

Ensure blood flows in the right direction and to prevent it flowing backwards

53
Q

how does gas exchange occur in the alveoli?

A
  • blood passing next to the alveoli has just returned to the lungs from the rest of the body, so it has lots of CO2 and little O2.
  • oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (high conc) into the blood (low conc), while CO2 diffuses out of the blood (high conc) into the alveolus (low conc) to be breathed out
54
Q

what happens when blood reaches body cells?

A
  • O2 is released from the red blood cells where there’s a high conc and diffuses into the body cells where the conc is low
  • at the same time, CO2 diffuses out of the body cells where there a high conc into the blood where there’s a low conc and carried back to the lungs
55
Q

where does deoxygenated blood enter?

A

enters from the body through the right atrium of the heart, the right ventricle pushes the blood into the pulmonary artery where it will travel to the lungs and gas exchange will take place

56
Q

where does oxygenated blood enter?

A

enters from the lungs via the left atrium through the pulmonary vein, the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta, where it will travel to the body

57
Q

what are the advantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • they’re less likely to be rejected by the immune system as they’re made from metal or plastic so the body doesn’t recognise it as foreign
58
Q

what are the disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • surgery to fit the heart can lead to bleeding and infection
  • they don’t work as well as parts of it could wear out or the electrical motor could fail
  • blood doesn’t flow as well and therefore could lead to strokes
59
Q

What’s artificial blood?

A

A blood substitute eg saline used to replace thr volume of blood lost

Biology (12 decks)

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