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Biology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller, more soluble molecules that can be diffused into the blood

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2
Q

What does the mouth do in digestion?

A

It’s where food enters the alimentary canal and digestion begins

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3
Q

What’s the oesophagus do?

A

Muscular tube that moves ingested food to the stomach

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4
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Muscular organ where digestion continues

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5
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produce digestive enzymes

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6
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produced bile

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7
Q

What does the large intestine (rectum) do?

A

Where faeces are stored until ready to leave the body

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8
Q

What does the small intestine (duodenum) do?

A

Where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile. Digestion is completed and digested food is diffused into the bloodstream

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9
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Stores bile before releasing it into the duodenum

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10
Q

What des the salivary glands do?

A

Produces saliva containing amylase

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11
Q

What are the first 3 steps to the digestion process?

A
  • food enters the digestive sustem through the mouth. This process is called ingestion
  • once in mouth, food is chewed to form a ball of food called a bolus
  • this passes down the oesoghagus and into the stomach
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12
Q

What process is food moved through the tubes of the digestive system called?

A

Peristalsis

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13
Q

What is peristalsis?

A
  • muscles in the gut wall are involved, circular muscles and longitudinal muscles work together to produce wave like contractions
  • these have a squeezing action that pushes the bolus through the gut
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14
Q

What happens after peristalsis in the gut?

A

Food is digested through mechanical and chemical processes

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15
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing in the mouth

Churning in the stomach

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16
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Involves enzymes, (proteins that function as biological catalysts) form part of digestive juices produced in glands

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17
Q

What do all organs in the digestive system have?

A

Epithelial tissue, which covers the stomach inside and out

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18
Q

What does the epithelial tissue allow the stomach to do?

A

Protects the stomach, helps keep its structure and allows substances to be exchanged through it

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19
Q

What does the stomach produce? What does it do?

A

Produce hydrochloric acid

Kills harmful microorganisms that may have been swallowed with food

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20
Q

Where do enzymes in the stomach work best?

A

In acidic conditions- at a low pH 1-6

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21
Q

Where does the food go after it has been in the stomach?

A

Food travels to the small intestine

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22
Q

Where do the enzymes in the small intestine work best in?

A

Alkaline conditions pH8-14

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23
Q

What is bile? Where is it produced and stored?

A

A substance produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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24
Q

What two effects does Bile have in the small intestine?

A

1) . Neutralises the acid - providing alkaline conditions needed in the small intestine
2) . Emulsifies fat - providing a larger surface area over the enzymes can work

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25
Q

What is absorption?

A

The movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood and lymph l

26
Q

Which region is digested food absorbed?

A

Small intestine

27
Q

What does the small intestine have for absorption?

A

Large internal surface area for absorption to happen quickly and efficiently

28
Q

What are villi?

A

Tiny finger shaped structures that increase the surface area.

29
Q

What 3 features do Villi have?

A

1) . Wall just one cell thick - ensures there is only a short distance for absorption to happen by diffusion
2) . Network of blood capillaries- transports digested food eg glucose away from the intestine in the blood
3) . Internal structure a lacteal - transports fatty acids and glycerol from the small intestine in the lymph

30
Q

What does the remaining material of ‘digested food’ consist of after absorption?

A

Water, bacteria (living&dead), cells from the lining of the gut and indegestable substances eg cellulose from plant cell walls

31
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Abosrb most of the remaining water

32
Q

What does the remaining mateial leave as it has been going through the large intestine?

A

Leaves a semi sold waste material called feaces

33
Q

Where do the faeces get stored?

A

In the rectum

34
Q

What is Egestion?

A

When the faeces passes out of the body through the anus

35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A biological catalyst that helps to speed up chemistry reactions

36
Q

What is the area within the enzyme called?

A

A active site

37
Q

What are the smaller molecules that fit into the active site called? What does it do?

A

Substrate

A chemical reaction takes place

38
Q

What do the active site and substrate molecules have? How do they fit?

A

Have complementary shapes which fit together like a lock and key

39
Q

What is amylase? What does it catalyse the breakdown of and what into?

A

Type of carbohydrase, catalyses the break down of starch into sugar

40
Q

Where does amylase work?

A

Mouth and small intestine

41
Q

What does lipase catalyse the breakdown of and what into?

A

Catalyse the breakdown of fats and oils, into fatty acids and glycerol

42
Q

Where does lipase work?

A

Small intestine

43
Q

What does protease catalyse the breakdown of and what into?

A

Catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids

44
Q

Where does protease work?

A

Stomach and small intestine

45
Q

What happens to the enzyme if it changes shape?

A

The active site may no longer work, the enzyme has been denatured

46
Q

What two things can enzymes become denatured by?

A

High temperature and extreme pH

47
Q

What is enzyme activity like with temperature upto 37degrees?

A

Its gradually increases

48
Q

What happens to enzymes when temperature rise above 40degrees?

A

The rate of reaction falls rapidly

49
Q

What does heat energy do to the structure?

A

Damages the enzyme structure, this changes the shape of the active site wich dentaures the enzyme

50
Q

What does the optimum pH for an enzyme depend on?

A

Depends on where it normally works

51
Q

What happens to the enzyme if the pH is different to its optimum?

A

Damges the enzymes structure, which leads to the enzyme changing the shape of its active site which denatures the enzyme

52
Q

What is protease used for in industry?

A

Used to pre-digest proteins during the manufacture of baby foods

53
Q

What is lipase used in industry?

A

In biological detergents with protease to break down stains into small water soluble substances

54
Q

What is carbohydrase used in industry?

A

Convert starch into syrup which is relatively cheap and then into sugar syrup in sports drinks

55
Q

What is isomerase used in industry?

A

Convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup so it can be used in smaller amounts in slimming foods

56
Q

What do enzymes in industry allow companies to do?

A

Reduce the need for expensive equipment as enzymes allow reactions at normal room temperature and pressures

57
Q

What are the benefits of enzymes in industry?

A

Cuts costs

Better for the environment since it reduces the amount of fuel and equipment needed

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of enzymes in industry?

A

Are expensive to produce and can be denatured

59
Q

What is the test for sugars?

A

Benedicts test

- if sugar is present it will change from blue to green, or yellow to brick red depending on amount of sugar present

60
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

- if starch is present it will change from browny orange to black or blue-black

61
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret test

- if protein in present it will change from blue to pink or purple

62
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Sudan III

  • if lipids are present, mixture will separate into two layers, top layer will be red
  • (if nothing is present no red layer will form)

Biology (12 decks)

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