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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell?

A

They are the smallest unit of life, building blocks for all living things,

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2
Q

What do cells provide and take in?

A

Structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy and carry out specialised functions

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

Group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

How do bacteria reproduce? What is the process called of when bacteria replicate

A
  • reproduce asexually

- called binary fission

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7
Q

What are the 5 stages are of Baceteria replication?

A

1) . Circularly DNA/plasmids of the bacteria is copied - so there are two sets of DNA
2) . Cell gets bigger and DNA moves to oppsote end of the cell
3) . Cytoplasm divides and new cell wall begins to form
4) . Cytoplasm divides fully and two new daughter cells are formed
5) . Each new cell has a copy of the DNA and plasmids

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8
Q

How often does bacteria replicate?

A

Every 20mins

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9
Q

What four things do bacteria need to replicate?

A

Warmth, nutrition, oxygen, moisture

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10
Q

Why is it important to know how to grow bacteria cultures?

A
  • New bacteria and disinfectants are tested on bacteria cultures grown on agar jelly
  • a contaminated plate would contain other bacteria species that you do not want to investigate
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11
Q

What is the aseptic technique?

A

1) . Agar jelly is sterilised by heating it and allowing it to set
2) . Pertrk dishes are also sterilised before the jelly is added. Lid is kept on
3) . Inoculating tube (used to spread bacteria onto the agar) is sterilised by placing loop through a hot flame
4) . After, petri dish lid must be taped closed
5) . Dish is stored upside down - prevents condensation forming on the agar

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12
Q

Why do we use a max temperature of 25 degrees in school?

A
  • harmful bacteria is more likely to grow at higher temperatures
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13
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate to become almost any type of cell

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14
Q

What are multipotent cells?

A

Cells that are able to differentiate but are limited to a small number of cells

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15
Q

Give an example of a multipotent and pluripotent cells?

A

Multipotent - adult bone marrow

Pluripotent- embryos

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16
Q

How are embryos formed? What happens to the cells?

A

Embryos are formed shortly the egg cell is fertilised by the sperm cell - it is a bundle of cells
- as the embryo develops, these cells differentiate to become specialised cells

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17
Q

What is a plant cells ability like to differentiate?

A

They retain their ability to differentiate, they are not as restricted/limited as human adult cells are

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18
Q

What does stem cell research use? What can stem cells be used from?

A

Uses adult somatic cells, stells from bone marrow can be used to replace blood cells in a pateint.

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19
Q

What are embryonic cells used for? Why are they more usedyl?

A
  • Used to replace faulty cells in patients

- They’re more useful as they’re able to differentiate into any specialised cell

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20
Q

What are the advantages of stem cell research?

A
  • Cancer treatment
  • Donates therefore unwanted embryo
  • Can cure/treat different diseases/ conditions eg diabetes, perdisis
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21
Q

What are disadvantages of stem cell research?

A
  • Religious beliefs
  • Disrupts development of an embryo
  • It is a human being in a embryonic stage
    Unethical
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22
Q

What is the process for therapeutic cloning?

A

1) . Nucleus is removed
2) . Empty egg cell then has a nucleus from a somatic crll inserted into the denatured egg cell
3) . Cloned cell is induced to create an embryo
4) . Futher stem cells are made from the embryo cells

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23
Q

Why might therapeutic cloning be used?

A

The process doesnt require two people to create the cells it only needs one persons DNA to create the stem cells

24
Q

What are the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • illegal to clone humans
  • religious issues mess with natural way of life, could be dangerous
  • the technology could be abused which could lead to humans being cloned
25
Q

What are the advantages of therapeutic cloning?

A
  • Animals can be cloned
  • Able to grow new organs from the same persons DNA, which prevents the body from rehecting the organ that could’ve come from a transplant.
  • research the cells for drugs and medicine
26
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

A process of cell division

27
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

G1 - Growth
S - DNA synthesis
G2 - growth and preparation for mitosis
M - mitosis

28
Q

What happens in G1 of the cell cycle?

A

Cell is half the size of its parent cell, begins to grow. Ribosomes and mitochondria are copied

29
Q

What happens in the S phase of the cell cycle?

A

before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures eg ribosomes and mitochondria. the DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome

30
Q

What happens in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

New chromosomes are checked for mistakes
- The cell forms fibres that will seperate the chromosomes apart, membranes then form around each of the sets of chromosomes, which become the nuclei of the two new cells - the nucleus has divided

31
Q

What happens in the Mitosis phase of the cell cycle?

A

cytoplasm and cell membrane divide into two, so that there are two new identical daughter cells with the same DNA

32
Q

What are spindle fibres?

A

Fibrous proteins which pull the chromosomes apart and are fomed in the G2 phase

33
Q

Whay is Cancer caused by?

A

Cells that enter uncontrolled mitosis, as the cell divides they form a lump called a tumor

34
Q

What is a Benign tumour?

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane. They dont invade other parts of the body

35
Q

What is a Malignant tumour?

A

They are cancerous, the tumour invades and spreads to other parts of the body/organs through the blood where they form secondary tumours

36
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells they’re much smaller, they have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell.

37
Q

How is the genetic material enclosed in a prokaryotic bacterial cell?

A

The genetic material isn’t enclosed in a nucleus, its a single DNA loop and there may be one or more small rings of DNA called plasmids

38
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic cells, they have a cell membrane, cytoplasm and generic material enclosed in a nucleus

39
Q

What do most animal cells have?

A

A nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes

40
Q

In addition what do plants cells have that animal cells dont?

A

Chloroplats, a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap

41
Q

What structures have a cell wall made of cellulose?

A

Which strengthens the cell

42
Q

What happens in mature cells with cell division?

A

Its mainly restricted to repair and replace.

43
Q

What is a specialised cell?

A

As a cell differentiates it aquires different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out a certain function

44
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Size of image ➗ size of real object

44
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Its an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation

44
Q

What are stem cells from adult bone marrow like?

A

Can form many types of cell including blood cells

44
Q

What are meritism tissue in plants like?

A

They can differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant

45
Q

What are stem cells from embryos like?

A

They can be cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells

46
Q

What can stem cells from meritism in plants be used to produce?

A

Clones of plants quickly and economically

1) . Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction
2) . Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large number of identical plants for farmers

47
Q

how are sperm cells specialised for reproduction?

A
  • it has a long tail and a streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
  • there are a lot of mitochondria in the cell to provide energy needed
  • it carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane
48
Q

how are nerve cells specialised for rapid signalling?

A
  • they are long to cover more distance and have branched connections at their nerve ends to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout the body
49
Q

how are muscle cells specialised for contraction?

A
  • they are long so they have space to contract, and contain lots of mitochondria to generate the energy needed for contraction
50
Q

how are root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals?

A
  • they grow into long hairs that stick out into the soil. this gives the plant a bug surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
51
Q

how are phloem and xylem cells are specialised for transporting substances?

A
  • the cells are long and joined end to end
  • xylem cells are hollow in the centre and phloem cells have very few subcellular structures, so that substances can flow through them
52
Q

what are the risks involved with stem cell research?

A
  • stem cells grown in a lab may become contaminated with a virus which could be passed on to the patient and make them sicker
53
Q

what are electron microscopes like?

A
  • it has a higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope
  • it can be used to study cells in much finer detail, which has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures
54
Q

what does a larger inhibition zone mean?

A

the more effective the antibiotic against the bacteria

Biology (12 decks)

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