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Biology > The Heart And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

The Heart And Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is the heart?

A

The heart is an organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system

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2
Q

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

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3
Q

Where does the left ventricle pump blood to?

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the rest of the body

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4
Q

Why is the heart referred to as the double pump?

A

Because the blood goes to the heart twice (2 inputs and outputs) and the blood is pumped to two different places

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5
Q

How does blood on the left side of the heart differ from the right side?

A

The left side transports oxygenated blood to the rest of the body and the right side transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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6
Q

What is the tissue that makes up most of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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7
Q

What does the cardiac muscle (tissue) in the heart need to keep working?

A

Oxygen and glucose are used for respiration which releases energy

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8
Q

How are oxygen and glucose transported to the cardiac muscle in the heart?

A

By the coronary artery

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9
Q

Why is the left ventricle the biggest chamber?

A

• As it has to pump the blood farther to the rest of the body whereas the right ventricle only pumps blood to the lungs which is a shorter distance
• Which is why it has a thick muscular wall

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10
Q

Why are red and blue colours commonly used to indicate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

A

As the oxygenated blood (oxygen-rich) is a brighter red compared to the deoxygenated blood which is a darker red

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11
Q

How do substances move around our body?

A

• The body has its own transport system that carries substances around our body
• The body’s transport system is called the circulatory system
• The organs in it are: heart, blood vessels, blood

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12
Q

What is the trachea made of?

A

Cartilage

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13
Q

Lungs as Specialised Exchange Systems:

A

• Our body needs a constant supply of 02 for respirations, as well as a way of releasing waste CO2
• Mammals have evolved a specialised exchange system to allow for this

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14
Q

How does inhalation work?

A

• The intercostal muscles between the ribs contract
• This moves the ribs up and out
• At the same time, the diaphragm muscle contracts and moves out
• The volume of air inside the chest increase (as air rushes in)
• This decreases the pressure inside the chest
• The air pressure outside the chest is higher so air enters the lungs

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15
Q

Breathing in (inhalation):

A

getting air into the lungs

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16
Q

Breathing out (exhalation):

A

getting air out of the lungs

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17
Q

How does exhalation work?

A

• The intercostal muscles relax
• The ribs are moved down and in
• At the same time, the diaphragm muscle relaxes and moves up
• The volume inside the chest decreases (as air rushes out)
• This increases the pressure inside the chest
• The air pressure outside the chest is now lower so air leaves the lungs

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18
Q

How do the lungs work antagonistically?

A

The lungs work antagonistically as the internal and external intercostal muscles work against each other (like biceps and triceps)

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19
Q

What does an 02 molecule pass through?

A

• What a molecule of 02 passes through before entering the blood:
• Trachea, bronchus,bronchioles, alveoli

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20
Q

What happens when you pull the rubber sheet down on a bell jar?

A

When you pull the rubber sheet down (diaphragm) downwards the volume increases in the bell jar (chest), causing pressure to decrease then causing the balloons (lungs) to inflate as the air pressure outside is higher and this evens out the pressure inside the ballons (chest) and outside

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21
Q

What happens when you push the rubber sheet upwards on a bell jar?

A

When you push the rubber sheet upwards, the volume inside the bell jar (chest) decreases, causing the pressure inside the chest to increase, air moves out of the bell jar - this causes the balloons (lungs) to deflate as the pressure outside is lower and this evens out the pressure inside the chest and outside

22
Q

What are the positives of the bell jar model?

A

• What we expect to happen in our body happens in the jar
• Airtight like lungs
• Has two lungs, trachea, bronchus and diaphragm
• Good model

23
Q

What are the negatives of the bell jar model?

A

• No blood supply - can’t see 02 moving
• No intercostal muscles, rubs, bronchioles and alveoli
• Can’t see fine details e.g. bronchioles, alveoli etc.

24
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

a type of circulatory system that includes two separate circuits for blood flow that cause blood to pass through the heart twice

25
Q

What is a single circulatory system?

A

In single circulation, the blood passes through a single circuit – where blood is pumped by the heart to the gills for oxygenation, after which the blood flows to the rest of the body and back to the heart. Animals such as fish are known to have single circulatory systems.

26
Q

What is open circulation?

A

An open circulatory system is one in which there is a mixing of the blood and interstitial to make up the hemolymph. In an open circulatory system, the blood is not enclosed in blood vessels. It is pumped into a cavity called the hemocoel.

27
Q

What is closed circulation?

A

A closed circulatory system is one in which blood is always contained within vessels. This differs from open circulatory systems in which hemolymph flows into open sinuses surrounding internal organs. All mammals, including humans, have closed circulatory systems. So do all fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.

28
Q

How and why is the structure of a fish heart different from the human heart?

A

Though it has four parts, the heart of a fish is considered two-chambered. Unlike humans, the four parts of a fish heart do not form a single organ. Usually, they are found one behind another.

29
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by?

A

Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

30
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

An artificial pacemaker close pacemakerA medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate heart beats. is a small, battery-operated electronic device implanted in a person’s chest that sends out regular, adjustable electrical impulses to produce normal contractions of the heart.

31
Q

What does an artificial pacemaker have?

A

It consists of a pulse generator, which has a battery and a tiny computer circuit, and 1 or more wires known as pacing leads, which attach to your heart.

32
Q

How does blood flow through the heart?

A

The pathway of blood through the heart
Left-hand side
Oxygenated blood is carried to the heart from the lungs in the pulmonary vein. It goes into the left atrium, through the bicuspid valve and into the left ventricle. The ventricle pumps the blood through the semilunar valve, into the aorta and round the body.

Right-hand side
Deoxygenated blood from the body is carried to the heart in the vena cava. It goes into the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. The ventricle pumps the blood through the semilunar valve, into the pulmonary artery and to the lungs.

33
Q

Do oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood ever meet in the heart?

A

No

34
Q

What does the contraction of muscular walls of the heart do?

A

Thus, the heart muscle acts as a functional syncytium with rapid synchronized contractions responsible for pumping blood.

35
Q

Why are thicker muscles needed in the heart?

A

Their muscular walls are thicker than the atria because they have to pump blood out of the heart.

36
Q

Briefly describe the stages of the cardiac cycle:

A

The cardiac cycle has 3 stages:

Atrial and Ventricular diastole (chambers are relaxed and filling with blood)

Atrial systole (atria contract and remaining blood is pushed into ventricles)

Ventricular systole (ventricles contract and push blood out through aorta and pulmonary artery)

37
Q

What three types of blood vessels does the body contain?

A

Arteries carry blood away from your heart.
Veins carry blood back toward your heart.
Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels, connect arteries and veins.

38
Q

Function of arteries:

A

Arteries distribute oxygen-rich blood to your body.

39
Q

Adaptations of arteries:

A

They have thick walls to withstand high pressures, a narrow lumen to maintain high pressures and a thick layer of elastic fibres to maintain high pressures between pump cycles.

40
Q

Function of veins:

A

Veins are blood vessels located throughout your body that collect oxygen-poor blood and return it to your heart.

41
Q

Adaptations of veins:

A

having thinner walls and larger lumen, and having valves to prevent the backflow of blood.

42
Q

Function of capillaries::

A

Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout your body

43
Q

Adaptations of capillaries:

A

Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick (short diffusion distance) so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them.

44
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle.

45
Q

Where are your lungs found in youf body?

A

The lungs are located on either side of the breastbone in the chest cavity and are divided into five main sections (lobes).

46
Q

What happens in gas exchange?

A

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli which are found in the lungs. When air is inhaled close inhalationThe action of breathing in., oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood to be used for respiration by the body’s cells. Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by the body’s cells during respiration.

47
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Thin walls - alveolar walls are one cell thick providing gases with a short diffusion distance. Moist walls - gases dissolve in the moisture helping them to pass across the gas exchange surface. Permeable walls - allow gases to pass through.

48
Q

Where are capillaries found?

A

muscle, skin, fat, and nerve tissue

49
Q

What substances needed by cells in the body tissues pass out of the blood through the walls of the capillaries?

A

They also remove carbon dioxide and other waste from your cells. With their thin walls, capillaries allow fluids and gases to pass through easily.

50
Q

What substances produced by the cells pass into the capillaries?

A

Capillaries are delicate blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout your body.

51
Q

How do substances move between the blood and the tissues?

A

Exchange in capillaries works through a process called diffusion

52
Q

Ventilation:

A

a type of therapy that helps you breathe or breathes for you when you can’t breathe on your own

Biology (22 decks)

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