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A&P Test 2 > The heart 2 > Flashcards

The heart 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium Serous membranes of the heart

A
  • Parietal pericardium
  • Parietal cavity
  • Visceral pericardium
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2
Q

Parietal pericardium

A
  • Superficial (close to body cavity)
  • Pericardial sac
  • Tough fibrous CT
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3
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • Space between parietal and visceral mem

- Pericardial fluid (reduces friction & creates a vacum)

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4
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • Deeper (touches the organs)
  • Epicardium
  • Simple squamous epithelium overlying areolar CT
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5
Q

Cardiac muscle

A
  • short branched cells
  • 1 nucleus/cell
  • striations
  • involuntary
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6
Q

Cardia muscle

A
  • Intercalated disc
  • Glycogen
  • Myoglobin
  • Lots of Myochondria
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7
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle

  • gap junctions
    • Allow rapid electrical transmissions
  • Desmosomes
    • Prevent cells from separating
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8
Q

Glycogen

A
  • Cardiac muscle

- Converted to glucose/ catabolized

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9
Q

Myoglobin

A
  • Cardiac muscle

- Stores oxygen

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10
Q

The Heart Valves

A
  • Atrioventricular (AV) valves
  • Aortic valve
  • Semilunar valves
  • Pulmonary valve
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11
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A
  • Right AV (tricuspid)
  • Left AV (bicuspid or mitral)
  • Regulate the opening between atria and ventricles
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12
Q

Semilunar valves

A
  • Pulmonary and aortic valves

- Regulate the blood flow form the ventricles into the opening of the great arteries.

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13
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

-Controls the opening from the right ventricle in to the pulmonary trunk

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14
Q

Aortic valve

A

-Controls the opening from the left ventricle in to the aorta

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15
Q

Muscle twitch

A 
-single contraction of skeletal muscle. T
3 phases
 -latent
  -contraction
  -relaxation.
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16
Q

Latent

A

Muscle twitch

-Is the interval from the stimulus application until the muscle begins to contract (shorten)

17
Q

Contraction

A

Muscle twitch

-This phase is when the muscle fibers shorten, the tracings will show during this phase (a) peak(s).

18
Q

Relaxation

A

Muscle twitch

  • muscle is going back to its original state of relaxation and the muscle will once again lengthen
  • Downward curve`
19
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A
  • Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
20
Q

Epicardium

A
  • Serous membrane of the external H surface
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • Largest branches of coronary BV travel through
  • Outer layer
21
Q

Myocardium

A
  • Made of Cardiac muscle cells (Cardiocytes)

- between Epi and endo

22
Q

Endocardium

A
  • Inner layer
  • Covers valve surfaces and its continous with Endothelium of BV.
  • Simple squamous epithelium
23
Q

EKG

A

ECG
P wave
QRS complex
T wave

24
Q

Pave

A
  • Chambers-Both Atria
  • Elect event- Depolarizing
  • Muscle event- Systole
  • Blood flow- Ejected
25
Q

QRS complex

A

(Atira repolarizes)

  • Chambers- Both ventricles
  • Elect event- Depolarizing
  • Muscle event- Systole
  • Blood flow- Ejected
26
Q

Twave

A
  • Chambers-Both Ventricles
  • Elect event- Repolarizing
  • Muscle event- Diastole
  • Blood flow- Filling
27
Q

Depolarization

A

Electrical event

-Na & Ca influence

28
Q

Repolarization

A

Electrical event

  • Return to resting membrane potential
  • K exits
29
Q

SA node Function in EKG

A

-Spreads through the atria and depolarizes them

30
Q

AV delay (purpose)

A
  • Allows both ventricles to relax and be refilled by the contracting atria.
  • After delay, the ventricles contract and force blood into the aorta (systemic circulation).
31
Q

EGK measures

A
  • Amplifies the electrical currents if the heart by means of electrodes apply to the skin.
  • Composite recording of all action potentials produced by a nodal and myocardial cell
32
Q

EKG used for

A

-To diagnose abnormalities in the conduction pathways, myocardial infraction, enlargement of the heart and electrolyte and hormone imbalance.

33
Q

Parasympathetic effect on Heart

A
  • Muscarinic

- Decrease Hr

34
Q

Sympathetic effect on Heart

A

beta 1

  • Increase HR
  • Beats more effective
35
Q

Sympathetic NS Control in Heart

A
  • Control ctr- Cardioaccelatory center
  • Receptor in H- Beta adrenergic (NE)
  • Ion channel- Incr. Ca in cardiocytes
  • Elec event- Depolarization
36
Q

Parasympathethic Control in Heart

A
  • Control ctr- Cardio inhibitory Ctr
  • Receptor in H- Muscarinic (ACh)
  • Ion channel- decrease K in cardiocytes
  • Elect event- hyperpolarization
37
Q

Chronotorpic agents/ Conditions

A
  • Affect Hr (K+)
  • hypercalcemia
    • Inhibits repolarization (slow Hr)
  • Hypocalcemia
    • Depo. more diff. due to Hyperpolarization (slow Hr)
38
Q

Iontropic agents/ situations

A
  • Affect force of contraction
  • Hypercalcemia
    • Slow Hr, more forceful contraction (digitalis)
  • Hypocalcemia
    • weaker contraction

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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