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A&P Test 2 > the Heart > Flashcards

the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system circuit

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

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2
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart.

  • Right side of the heart
  • delivers oxygen and nutrients
  • Picks up CO2 and waste
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3
Q

systemic circuit

A

Supplies blood the every organ of the body including other parts of the lungs and the wall of the heart itself

  • Left side of heart
  • Leaves by aorta route
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4
Q

Mediastinum

A

Undelineated group of structures in the thorax, surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity.

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5
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, the esophagus, the trachea, the phrenic nerve, the cardiac nerve, the thoracic duct, the thymus, and the lymph nodes of the central chest

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6
Q

Artery

A

High Pressure vessel

carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body (red)

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7
Q

Vein

A 
Blood reservoir 
Carries oxygen-depleted blood back to the Heart.
(blue)
-Capacitance vessels
  -thin wall and flacid
  -expand easily- increase blood flow
-Valves present to prevent regutgitation
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8
Q

Capillary

A

-Exchange vessel (e.g. nutrients, wastes, hormones)
-Most abundant of all B.V.
2 types
-Fenestrated
-Continuous

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9
Q

Regurgitation

A

The Backward flow of blood

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10
Q

Continuous Capillary

A

Capillary type

  • Made up of endothelium (no muscle)
  • Cells held together by tight junctions
  • More wide spread
    • Most tissues, skeletal muscle
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11
Q

Fenestrated Capillary

A

Capillary type

  • Made up endothelium (no muscle)
  • Filtration slits/openings that allow rapid passage of small molecules
    • Retain most prtns & large particles in B,steam
  • kidneys, endocrine glands, small intesine
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12
Q

3 layers of a B.V.

A 
Tunica interna (intima)
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)
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13
Q

Tunica Interna

A

Layer of BV
(Intima)
-Made up of simple squamous (endothelial) tissue
-Smooth surface promotes laminar flow
-Clotting factors increase resistance to flow
-Selective permeable barrier- chem. that dilate or constrict of the vessel

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14
Q

Tunica Media

A

Layer of BV

  • smooth muscle
  • beta rec- promote relaxation-> vasodialation
    • inc. B.flow, dec. B. Press
  • Alpha rec.- contraction-> vasoconstriction
    • Dec.B. flow, inc. B. Press
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15
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Layer of BV
Adventitia
-loose aereolar C.T
-anchors vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels ->supply passage for small nerves

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16
Q

Arteries

A

3 types
Large (conducting/ elastic)
Medium (Distributing/ muscular)
Small (Resistance)

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17
Q

Large artery

A

(conducting/ elastic)

  • the biggest
  • Aorta, pulmonary trunk/artery, carotid, subclavian artery
  • Have smooth muscle
  • internal elastic lamina- promote stretching and recoil
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18
Q

Large artery

A
  • expand during ventricular systole and recoil during diastole
  • recoil between H.beats prevent BP drop
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19
Q

Medium artery

A

Distributing/ muscular

  • Small branches take oxygenated Blood to specific organs
  • skeletal muscle, kidneys
  • very abundant
20
Q

Medium artery

A
  • No elastic tissue

- smooth muscle so amnt of blood reaching organ can be controlled

21
Q

Small artery

A

Resistance artery

  • Arteriole
  • High resistance Vessels (small Diameter)
  • little elastic tissue
  • thick tunica media
22
Q

Arterial receptors

A

Send info to medulla oblongata (in braun stem)

  • Baro receptors
  • Chemo receptors
23
Q

Baro receptors

A

Arterial receptors
Carotid sinuses
-Pressure sensors that respond to change in BP
-Cranial nerve IV (9) that sends info to M.O.
-Glossypharyngeal

24
Q

Chemo receptors

A

Arterial receptors
responds to chemicals
-CN IV(9), X(10) vagus

25
Q

types of Veins

A

Post capillary veules
Medium veins
Large veins

26
Q

Post capillary veins

A

Type of veins

  • Smallest vein
  • receive blood from capillaries
  • leukocytes can emigrate (Diapetesis) in to & out of B vessels
27
Q

Medium vein

A

Type of vein

  • Little more muscular than venules
  • Effective in skeletal pump
28
Q

Large vein

A

Type of vein

  • Empty in to heart ->vena cavea
  • some smooth muscle on tunics
  • vena cavea, pulmonary veins, internal jugular vein, renal vein
29
Q

Anastomoses

A

A point where two B.V. merge and combine their blood stream or where two nerves or ducts converge

30
Q

Venus Anastomoses

A

one vein empties directly into another

-provide alternative routes of drainage from an organ to prevent blockage

31
Q

Arterial Anastomoses

A

Two arteries merge, provide collateral (alternative) route of blood supply to a tissue.

32
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

heart muscle cells or neurons, that show rhythmic activity without being driven by rhythmic external stimulation.

33
Q

Pacemaker cells

A

pecialized cells that cause involuntary muscles and tissues to contract or dilate.
-Found in all involuntary muscle groups, including both striated and smooth tissues.

34
Q

systole

A

The contraction of any heart chamber

-ventricular contraction

35
Q

Diastole

A

Period in which a heart chamber relaxes and fills with blood
-ventricular relaxation

36
Q

Cardiac arrhythmia

A

Any abnormal cardiac rhythm

-heart block

37
Q

Heart block

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

  • failure of any part of the cardiac conduction system to transmit signals
    • result of disease and degeneration of cond. sys fibers
38
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slows HR- Adult HR below 60
Distance between waves are greater
-common during sleep and in endurance athletes

39
Q

Tachycardia

A

Faster HR-Adult HR above 100
Distance between sets of waves are closer
-Caused by stress, anxiety, drugs, H disease

40
Q

Stroke Volume

A

The volume of blood ejected by one ventricle of the heart in one contraction

41
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart in one minute

42
Q

End diastolic volume

A

The volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole,
-About 120–130 mL but sometimes reaching 200–250 mL in the normal heart.

43
Q

End Systolic Volume

A

The volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole,
-about 50–60 mL but sometimes as little as10–30 mL in the normal heart.

44
Q

Atrial Reflex

A

increase in heart rate due to an increase in central venous pressure

45
Q

Frank starling principle

A

States that SV is proportional to EDV

  • Ventricles then to eject as much blood as they receive
  • with in limits–> the more they are stretched the harder they contract on the next beat

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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