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A&P Test 2 > The Blood terms > Flashcards

The Blood terms Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory system

A

Consist of the

  • heart
  • B. Vessels
  • blood
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2
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

consist of the

  • heart
  • B.Vessels
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3
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • Transport of nutrients, gases, waste products, cells and compounds (e.g., hormones)
  • Regulate pH and electrolytes of interstitial fluids
  • Limit blood loss through damaged vessels
  • Defend against pathogens, toxins
  • Absorb, distribute heat as part of temperature regulation
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4
Q

Hemopoiesis

A

The production of blood especially its formed elements

  • important to understand leukemia, anemia, and blod disorders
  • liver and spleen primary site (2nd to 5th)
  • in adulthood bone marrow primary site
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5
Q

Erythrocytes (Taxi)

A 
or RBCs
Most abundant formed elmt. of the blood.
Two principal fctn.
-pick up O2 from lungs-->tissue elsewhere
-Pick up CO2 from tissue-->Lungs
-repair themselves if damaged
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6
Q

Leukocytes

A

Or WBCs
Least abundant formed element (5000 to 10000 UL)
Prevent from infection & diseases
- diff. from eryth- retain organelles throughout life

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7
Q

Leukocytes Granulocytes

A

WBCs

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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8
Q

Leukocytes Agranulocytes

A

WBCs

  • Lymphocytes
  • Monocytes
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9
Q

Blood Plasma

A

Matrix
light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the B. volume
-mixture of water prtn, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous waste, hormones, gases

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10
Q

Serum

A

The remaining fluid after the blood clots and the solids are removed
-identical to plasma except for absence of clotting prtn. fibrinigen

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11
Q

Platelets

A
  • not cells
  • small fragments of marrow cells called megakaryocytes
  • the second most abundant formed element
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12
Q

Platelet Function

A
  • they secrete vasoconstrictors
  • Stick together to form platelet plugs that seal small breaks in injured B.V.
  • secrete procoagulants
  • Initiate formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolve blood clots
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13
Q

Platelet function

A
  • Secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to site of inflammation
  • Internalize and destroy bacteria
  • Secrete growth factors
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14
Q

Vasocontrictors

A

Platelet fctn.

-chemicals that stimulate spasmodic of broken vessels and help reduce blood loss.

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15
Q

procoagulant

A

Platelet fctn.

-clotting factors which promote blood clotting

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16
Q

Growth factors

A

Platelet fctn.

-stimulate mitosis in fibroblast and smooth muscle ad help to maintain and repair B.V.

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17
Q

Hemostasis

A 
the stopping of a flow of blood.
3 mechanisms
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug spasm
Coagulation
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18
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Hemostasis mech
Most immediate protection against blood loss
Constricts blood vessels at site of injury
-decreases Blood flow

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19
Q

Platelet plug formation

A 
Hemostasis mech
releases 
-serotonin
-ADP 
-Thromboxane A2
20
Q

Serotonin

A

Platelet plug formation

promotes vasoconstriction

21
Q

ADP

A

Platelet plug formation

attracts more platelets to the are and stimulates their degranulation

22
Q

Thromboxane A2

A 
Platelet plug formation
promotes platelet
-aggregation 
-degranulation
-vasoconstriction
23
Q

Coagulation

A 
Hemostasis mech
(Solidification)
-Last but most effective defense against bleeding.
-involve more than 30 chem. reactions
2 pathways
-extrinsic mech
intrinsic mech
24
Q

Extrinsic mech

A

Coagulation
faster to produce factor X
initiated by clotting factors released by damaged B.V. and perivascular tissue

25
Q

Instristic

A

Coagulation
Slower to produce Factor X
Uses clotting factors found only in blood

26
Q

Coagulation process

A

Prothrombin -Factor X-> thrombin

Fibrinogen -Thrombin-> fibrin

27
Q

Fibrin

A

Coagulation

  • sticky prtn that adheres to the walls of a vessel.
  • insoluble net that catches RBCs (coagulation)
28
Q

Bilirubin

A

an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile

29
Q

Hemolysis

A
  • The rupture of RBCs

- Releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes

30
Q

Jaundice

A
  • A yellowish cast in light-colored skin and the whites of eyes
  • may be a sign of rapid hemolysis or a liver disease or bile duct obstruction that blocks bilirubin disposal
31
Q

Erythropoiesis

A 
The production of erythrocytes
-takes 3-5 days
four major developments
-reduce cell size
-increase cell #
-Hemoglobin synthesis
-loss of nucleus & other organelles
32
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia and stimulates erythropoiesis

33
Q

Erythroblast

A

Normal blast

  • An immature erythrocyte containing a nucleus.
  • multiply and synthesize hemoglobin
    • when task completed the nucleus shrivels & is discharged from cell
34
Q

Reticulocyte

A

an immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
-leave bone marrow and enter circulating blood

35
Q

Hematocrit

A
  • Packed cell volume (PCV)
  • Percentage of whole blood volume taken up b formed elements (mainly RBCs)
  • Clinical term “Crit”
36
Q

Macrophages

A

-Any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte that is specialized for phagocytosis
-Usually derived form blood monocytes and often functioning as an antigen-presenting cell
2 types
-Free
-fixes

37
Q

Hemophilia

A
  • The ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury.
  • The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor
38
Q

thrombus

A

Clot
-may grow large enough to obstruct a small vessel or any piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in blood stream as embolus

39
Q

Embolus

A
  • Abnormal traveling object in the blood stream
  • blood cells, blood clot, air bubble
  • may lodge small artery and block blood flow from that point on
40
Q

Embolism

A

The obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolous

41
Q

Transferrin

A

-A protein of the beta globulin group that binds and transports iron in blood serum.

42
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

generation of lymphocytes

43
Q

Megakaryocytes

A

-bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting

44
Q

antigens

A

Generally unique complex molecules to each individual

-prtns, glycoprtns, and glycolipids

45
Q

Antidodies

A
  • (gamma globulins)
  • Produced when the body detects an antigen of foreign origin it activates an immune response
  • Response consist partly of plasma cells
  • P cells secrete prtns (gamma globulins)
46
Q

Histamine

A
  • AA secreted by basophils, mast cells, and some neurons
  • function as a paracrine secretion and neurotransmitter to stimulate effects such as gastric secretion, bronchoconstriction, and vasodialation
47
Q

Hepranine

A

A polysachride secreted by basophils and mast cells that inhibit blood clotting

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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