The Blood terms Flashcards
Circulatory system
Consist of the
- heart
- B. Vessels
- blood
Cardiovascular system
consist of the
- heart
- B.Vessels
Functions of blood
- Transport of nutrients, gases, waste products, cells and compounds (e.g., hormones)
- Regulate pH and electrolytes of interstitial fluids
- Limit blood loss through damaged vessels
- Defend against pathogens, toxins
- Absorb, distribute heat as part of temperature regulation
Hemopoiesis
The production of blood especially its formed elements
- important to understand leukemia, anemia, and blod disorders
- liver and spleen primary site (2nd to 5th)
- in adulthood bone marrow primary site
Erythrocytes (Taxi)
or RBCs Most abundant formed elmt. of the blood. Two principal fctn. -pick up O2 from lungs-->tissue elsewhere -Pick up CO2 from tissue-->Lungs -repair themselves if damaged
Leukocytes
Or WBCs
Least abundant formed element (5000 to 10000 UL)
Prevent from infection & diseases
- diff. from eryth- retain organelles throughout life
Leukocytes Granulocytes
WBCs
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Leukocytes Agranulocytes
WBCs
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
Blood Plasma
Matrix
light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the B. volume
-mixture of water prtn, nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous waste, hormones, gases
Serum
The remaining fluid after the blood clots and the solids are removed
-identical to plasma except for absence of clotting prtn. fibrinigen
Platelets
- not cells
- small fragments of marrow cells called megakaryocytes
- the second most abundant formed element
Platelet Function
- they secrete vasoconstrictors
- Stick together to form platelet plugs that seal small breaks in injured B.V.
- secrete procoagulants
- Initiate formation of a clot-dissolving enzyme that dissolve blood clots
Platelet function
- Secrete chemicals that attract neutrophils and monocytes to site of inflammation
- Internalize and destroy bacteria
- Secrete growth factors
Vasocontrictors
Platelet fctn.
-chemicals that stimulate spasmodic of broken vessels and help reduce blood loss.
procoagulant
Platelet fctn.
-clotting factors which promote blood clotting
Growth factors
Platelet fctn.
-stimulate mitosis in fibroblast and smooth muscle ad help to maintain and repair B.V.
Hemostasis
the stopping of a flow of blood. 3 mechanisms Vascular spasm Platelet plug spasm Coagulation
Vascular spasm
Hemostasis mech
Most immediate protection against blood loss
Constricts blood vessels at site of injury
-decreases Blood flow
Platelet plug formation
Hemostasis mech releases -serotonin -ADP -Thromboxane A2
Serotonin
Platelet plug formation
promotes vasoconstriction
ADP
Platelet plug formation
attracts more platelets to the are and stimulates their degranulation
Thromboxane A2
Platelet plug formation promotes platelet -aggregation -degranulation -vasoconstriction
Coagulation
Hemostasis mech (Solidification) -Last but most effective defense against bleeding. -involve more than 30 chem. reactions 2 pathways -extrinsic mech intrinsic mech
Extrinsic mech
Coagulation
faster to produce factor X
initiated by clotting factors released by damaged B.V. and perivascular tissue
Instristic
Coagulation
Slower to produce Factor X
Uses clotting factors found only in blood
Coagulation process
Prothrombin -Factor X-> thrombin
Fibrinogen -Thrombin-> fibrin
Fibrin
Coagulation
- sticky prtn that adheres to the walls of a vessel.
- insoluble net that catches RBCs (coagulation)
Bilirubin
an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile
Hemolysis
- The rupture of RBCs
- Releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes
Jaundice
- A yellowish cast in light-colored skin and the whites of eyes
- may be a sign of rapid hemolysis or a liver disease or bile duct obstruction that blocks bilirubin disposal
Erythropoiesis
The production of erythrocytes -takes 3-5 days four major developments -reduce cell size -increase cell # -Hemoglobin synthesis -loss of nucleus & other organelles
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxemia and stimulates erythropoiesis
Erythroblast
Normal blast
- An immature erythrocyte containing a nucleus.
- multiply and synthesize hemoglobin
- when task completed the nucleus shrivels & is discharged from cell
Reticulocyte
an immature red blood cell without a nucleus, having a granular or reticulated appearance when suitably stained.
-leave bone marrow and enter circulating blood
Hematocrit
- Packed cell volume (PCV)
- Percentage of whole blood volume taken up b formed elements (mainly RBCs)
- Clinical term “Crit”
Macrophages
-Any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte that is specialized for phagocytosis
-Usually derived form blood monocytes and often functioning as an antigen-presenting cell
2 types
-Free
-fixes
Hemophilia
- The ability of the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the sufferer to bleed severely from even a slight injury.
- The condition is typically caused by a hereditary lack of a coagulation factor
thrombus
Clot
-may grow large enough to obstruct a small vessel or any piece of it may break loose and begin to travel in blood stream as embolus
Embolus
- Abnormal traveling object in the blood stream
- blood cells, blood clot, air bubble
- may lodge small artery and block blood flow from that point on
Embolism
The obstruction of a blood vessel by an embolous
Transferrin
-A protein of the beta globulin group that binds and transports iron in blood serum.
lymphopoiesis
generation of lymphocytes
Megakaryocytes
-bone marrow cell responsible for the production of blood thrombocytes (platelets), which are necessary for normal blood clotting
antigens
Generally unique complex molecules to each individual
-prtns, glycoprtns, and glycolipids
Antidodies
- (gamma globulins)
- Produced when the body detects an antigen of foreign origin it activates an immune response
- Response consist partly of plasma cells
- P cells secrete prtns (gamma globulins)
Histamine
- AA secreted by basophils, mast cells, and some neurons
- function as a paracrine secretion and neurotransmitter to stimulate effects such as gastric secretion, bronchoconstriction, and vasodialation
Hepranine
A polysachride secreted by basophils and mast cells that inhibit blood clotting
