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A&P Test 2 > The blood > Flashcards

The blood Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of blood

A

Formed elements 45%

Plasma 55%

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2
Q

Formed elements

A

Composition of blood

  • 45%
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • platelets
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3
Q

Plasma

A

55%
water
Proteins

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Blood component

  • pale yellow fluid that makes up about 55 percent of your blood.
  • Tranportsproteins, hormones, nutrients, enzymes and waste products around the body.
  • helps maintain blood pressure and body temperature, and contains elements that help with blood clotting.
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5
Q

Blood

A

Made up of
formed elements
plasma
-cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide,
-defend the body against infection and form clots.

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6
Q

Proteins found in blood

A

Albumins 60%
Globulins 35%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory prtns <1%

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7
Q

viscosity

A

The resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting form cohesion of its particles (thickness or stickiness of a fluid)

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8
Q

Blood viscosity

A
  1. 5 times as viscous than water
    - beacause its composed of 99% RBCs
    - important bcause it governs flow through the vessels
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9
Q

Osmolarity

A

total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall

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10
Q

Blood osmolarity

A

In order to nourish surrounding cells and remove their waste, substances must pass between blood stream and tissue fluid through capillary walls.
-transfer of fluid depend on balance between filtration of fluid from the capillary and its reabsorption

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11
Q

High blood osmolarity

A

the bloodstream absorbs too much water

  • raises blood vol.
  • results in high blood P and a potential dangerous strain on the heart arteries
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12
Q

Low Blood Osmolarity

A

Too much water water remains in tissue

- become edematous (swollen) and BP may drop to dangerously low levels because of the H2O lost from B. stream

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13
Q

Erythrocyte structure

A

RBCs
Discoidal cell with biconcave shape
loose nucleus and other organelles during maturation
Depend on anaerobic ferm- to prod ATP
lack aerobic respi- prevent them from consuming O2 they must transport to other tissue
Contain hemoglobin 33%

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14
Q

Erythrocyte function

A
  • Pick up O2 from lungs and deliver to tissue elsewhere
  • Pick up CO2 from tissue and unload in the lungs
  • Most abundant formed elements of blood
  • Most critical to survival
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15
Q

Erythrocyte development

A

Erythropoiesis takes 3-5 days

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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A

4 prtn chains (globins) each conjuated with nonprtn heme
2 Alpha- 141 AA long
2 Beta- 146 AA long

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17
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A
  • has higher O2 binding ability
  • it takes O2 form mother hemoglobin
  • has 2 gama chains in lace of beta
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18
Q

Adult hemoglobin

A
  1. 5 in adults called HbA2

- has delta chains in place of beta

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19
Q

erythropoiesis vit

A 
Gastroferritin
Transferrin
Aproferrin
B12, B6, vit C and Cu
folic acid
amino acid
-Lack of B12- causes pernicious anemia
20
Q

Gastroferritin

A

erythropoiesis vit

  • Prtn
  • produced in stomach
  • binds to Fe2+ and transport it to small intestine
21
Q

Transferrin

A

erythropoiesis vit

  • Fe is absorbed into the blood and binds to __prtn
  • Iron travels to bone marrow, liver. and other tissue
22
Q

Apoferritin

A

erythropoiesis vit

  • liver binds surplus iron to it
  • Forms iron storage complex called ferritin
23
Q

Blood type

A

A
B
AB
O

24
Q

Type O

A

Antigen- None
Antibody- A, B
Receive from- O
Donate to- O,A,B,AB (universal donor)

25
Q

Type A

A

antiagent-A
Antibody-B
receive from- A, O
Donate to- A, AB

26
Q

Type B

A

Antigen-B
Antibody-A
receive from-B,O
Donate to-B,AB

27
Q

Type AB

A

Antigen-A,B
Antibody, None
Receive form-O,A,B,AB
Donate to- AB

28
Q

Rh factor

A

(D antigen)

  • Does not affect first preg
  • maternal and fetal blood may mix
  • Destroys fetal RBCs causing dangerous anemia
29
Q

Hemolytic disease

A

Rh+

Mothers antibodies cross the placenta & attack & destroy fetal RBCs

30
Q

Leukocytes

A 
WBC
Defend body against pathogens, toxins, abnormal cells. & damaged cells
-No nuclei
-No hemoglobin
-1 for every 100 RBC
granular and agranular
31
Q

Leukocytes (Granulocytes)

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosiniophils
  • Basophils
32
Q

Neutorphils

A

Granulocyte

  • 50-70% of circulating WBC
  • Phagocytic
  • Multi-nucleated (5-7) lobes
  • First to arrive at site of injury
33
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes

  • Short life span (10 hrs)
  • Release Prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract other WBCs when it dies
  • Found in pus associated wounds
  • chief enemy of bacteria
34
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes

  • Less common (2-4%)
  • Roughly same size as Neutrophil
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
35
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes

  • Number increase during allergic reaction
  • Can target much larger pathogens
  • Attract to materials covered with antiodies
36
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocytes

  • <1% of Leukocytes
  • Small size
  • Intensify inflamation
37
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocytes

  • Release histamine
    • Promotes inflammation
  • Release haparin
    • Prevent blood clot (anti-coagulant/ blood thiner)
38
Q

Leukocytes Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

39
Q

Monocytes

A

Agranulocytes

  • Make up 2-8% of WBC
  • Nucleus bean like shaped
  • become
    • free and fixed Macrophages
40
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes

  • Make up 20-30 % of WBC
  • Found mostly in Lymphatic system
  • T cells
    • cell-mediated immunity
41
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte

  • B cells
    • Humoral immunity
  • NK cells (Natural killer)
    • Immune surveillance
    • Detect and destroy abnormal tissue (cancer)
42
Q

Diapedesis

A

Emigration

-the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

43
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide neutrophils to the site of injury or infection.

44
Q

Platelets

A
  • Prod. in bone marrow
  • release megakaryocytes
  • Essential to blood clotting process
  • Circulate for 9-12 days before been removed by phagocytes
  • Helps stop bleeding
45
Q

Vitamins needed for blood clotting

A

vit-k

Calcium

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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