The blood Flashcards
Composition of blood
Formed elements 45%
Plasma 55%
Formed elements
Composition of blood
- 45%
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- platelets
Plasma
55%
water
Proteins
Plasma
Blood component
- pale yellow fluid that makes up about 55 percent of your blood.
- Tranportsproteins, hormones, nutrients, enzymes and waste products around the body.
- helps maintain blood pressure and body temperature, and contains elements that help with blood clotting.
Blood
Made up of
formed elements
plasma
-cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide,
-defend the body against infection and form clots.
Proteins found in blood
Albumins 60%
Globulins 35%
Fibrinogen 4%
Regulatory prtns <1%
viscosity
The resistance of a fluid to flow, resulting form cohesion of its particles (thickness or stickiness of a fluid)
Blood viscosity
- 5 times as viscous than water
- beacause its composed of 99% RBCs
- important bcause it governs flow through the vessels
Osmolarity
total molarity of dissolved particles that cannot pass through the blood vessel wall
Blood osmolarity
In order to nourish surrounding cells and remove their waste, substances must pass between blood stream and tissue fluid through capillary walls.
-transfer of fluid depend on balance between filtration of fluid from the capillary and its reabsorption
High blood osmolarity
the bloodstream absorbs too much water
- raises blood vol.
- results in high blood P and a potential dangerous strain on the heart arteries
Low Blood Osmolarity
Too much water water remains in tissue
- become edematous (swollen) and BP may drop to dangerously low levels because of the H2O lost from B. stream
Erythrocyte structure
RBCs
Discoidal cell with biconcave shape
loose nucleus and other organelles during maturation
Depend on anaerobic ferm- to prod ATP
lack aerobic respi- prevent them from consuming O2 they must transport to other tissue
Contain hemoglobin 33%
Erythrocyte function
- Pick up O2 from lungs and deliver to tissue elsewhere
- Pick up CO2 from tissue and unload in the lungs
- Most abundant formed elements of blood
- Most critical to survival
Erythrocyte development
Erythropoiesis takes 3-5 days
Hemoglobin
4 prtn chains (globins) each conjuated with nonprtn heme
2 Alpha- 141 AA long
2 Beta- 146 AA long
fetal hemoglobin
- has higher O2 binding ability
- it takes O2 form mother hemoglobin
- has 2 gama chains in lace of beta
Adult hemoglobin
- 5 in adults called HbA2
- has delta chains in place of beta
erythropoiesis vit
Gastroferritin Transferrin Aproferrin B12, B6, vit C and Cu folic acid amino acid -Lack of B12- causes pernicious anemia
Gastroferritin
erythropoiesis vit
- Prtn
- produced in stomach
- binds to Fe2+ and transport it to small intestine
Transferrin
erythropoiesis vit
- Fe is absorbed into the blood and binds to __prtn
- Iron travels to bone marrow, liver. and other tissue
Apoferritin
erythropoiesis vit
- liver binds surplus iron to it
- Forms iron storage complex called ferritin
Blood type
A
B
AB
O
Type O
Antigen- None
Antibody- A, B
Receive from- O
Donate to- O,A,B,AB (universal donor)
Type A
antiagent-A
Antibody-B
receive from- A, O
Donate to- A, AB
Type B
Antigen-B
Antibody-A
receive from-B,O
Donate to-B,AB
Type AB
Antigen-A,B
Antibody, None
Receive form-O,A,B,AB
Donate to- AB
Rh factor
(D antigen)
- Does not affect first preg
- maternal and fetal blood may mix
- Destroys fetal RBCs causing dangerous anemia
Hemolytic disease
Rh+
Mothers antibodies cross the placenta & attack & destroy fetal RBCs
Leukocytes
WBC Defend body against pathogens, toxins, abnormal cells. & damaged cells -No nuclei -No hemoglobin -1 for every 100 RBC granular and agranular
Leukocytes (Granulocytes)
- Neutrophils
- Eosiniophils
- Basophils
Neutorphils
Granulocyte
- 50-70% of circulating WBC
- Phagocytic
- Multi-nucleated (5-7) lobes
- First to arrive at site of injury
Neutrophils
Granulocytes
- Short life span (10 hrs)
- Release Prostaglandins and leukotrienes to attract other WBCs when it dies
- Found in pus associated wounds
- chief enemy of bacteria
Eosinophils
Granulocytes
- Less common (2-4%)
- Roughly same size as Neutrophil
- Bi-lobed nucleus
Eosinophils
Granulocytes
- Number increase during allergic reaction
- Can target much larger pathogens
- Attract to materials covered with antiodies
Basophils
Granulocytes
- <1% of Leukocytes
- Small size
- Intensify inflamation
Basophils
Granulocytes
- Release histamine
- Promotes inflammation
- Release haparin
- Prevent blood clot (anti-coagulant/ blood thiner)
Leukocytes Agranulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Agranulocytes
- Make up 2-8% of WBC
- Nucleus bean like shaped
- become
- free and fixed Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
- Make up 20-30 % of WBC
- Found mostly in Lymphatic system
- T cells
- cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocyte
Agranulocyte
- B cells
- Humoral immunity
- NK cells (Natural killer)
- Immune surveillance
- Detect and destroy abnormal tissue (cancer)
Diapedesis
Emigration
-the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.
Chemotaxis
Attraction to chemicals such as bradykinin and leukotrienes that guide neutrophils to the site of injury or infection.
Platelets
- Prod. in bone marrow
- release megakaryocytes
- Essential to blood clotting process
- Circulate for 9-12 days before been removed by phagocytes
- Helps stop bleeding
Vitamins needed for blood clotting
vit-k
Calcium
