The Heart

Question 1

Function of the heart

Answer 1

The heart is a muscular pump, which functions to drive blood around the body
Located within the thorax between the lungs and above the diaphragm
Displaced to left side of chest

Question 2

Aorta

Answer 2

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Question 3

Vena cava

Answer 3

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
Superior vena cava carries blood from head and upper body
Inferior, vena cava carries blood from lower body

Question 4

Pulmonary artery

Answer 4

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 5

Pulmonary vein

Answer 5

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Question 6

Pulmonary valve

Answer 6

Regulates blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Question 7

Mitral valve

Answer 7

Regulates blood flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle
Bicuspid - 2 leaflets

Question 8

Tricuspid valve

Answer 8

Regulates blood flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle
Tricuspid – three leaflets

Question 9

Ventricles

Answer 9

Responsible for pumping blood through arteries
Thick, muscular walls
Left ventricle has thicker wall than right because it does more work
The two ventricles are separated by a muscular septum

Question 10

Atria

Answer 10

Receive incoming blood from veins
Contraction of atria pushes blood into ventricles
Thin walls
Valves prevent blood from ventricles going back into aorta

Question 11

Valves

Answer 11

Insure blood flows only in One Direction through the heart
Semi-lunar valves – pulmonary valve on a Aortic valve
Atrioventricular valves - mitral valve and tricuspid valve

Question 12

Veins

Answer 12

Carry blood to the heart

Question 13

Arteries

Answer 13

Carry blood away from the heart

Question 14

Arteries

Answer 14

Carry blood away from the heart

Question 15

Atrial systole begins

Answer 15

Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles

Question 16

Ventricular systole 1st phase

Answer 16

Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open semi lunar valves

Question 17

Ventricular systole second phase

Answer 17

As ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semi lunar valves open and blood is ejected 

Question 18

Ventricular diastole early

Answer 18

As ventricles relax pressure in ventricles, drops and blood flows back against cusps of a semi lunar valves and forces and closed
Blood flows into the relaxed atria

Question 19

Ventricular diastole late

Answer 19

All chambers are relaxed
Ventricles fill passively

Question 20

Sino-atrial node (pacemaker)

Answer 20

Located in right atrium
Specialised cardio myocytes with the ability to generate action potentials (electrical impulses)
These impulses are then transmitted to the atrial myocardium and to the atrioventricular node.

Question 21

Atrio-ventricular node

Answer 21

Located at base of right atrium at the atrioventricular junction
Atria are electrically isolated from ventricles
Function of AV node – delay transmission of impulses until the atria are fully contracted
Simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles, would lead to backflow

Question 22

Bundle of his

Answer 22

Function is to transmit the impulse to the apex of the heart, without depolarising, cardio, myocytes en route
Important, that contraction of the ventricles begins at apex, forcing the blood towards the aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 23

Functions of the blood

Answer 23

Oxygen transported in blood to the body which is bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells
Transports nutrients
Removal of waste products
White blood cells mediate immune system
Hormones transported in blood

Question 24

Heart beat cycle order

Answer 24

Atrial systole begins
Atrial diastole begins
Ventricular systole stage one then two
Ventricular diastole early phase
Ventricular diastole late phase

Question 25

What does diastole mean

Answer 25

Dilation

Question 26

What does systole mean?

Answer 26

Squeezing

Question 27

What are cardiomyocytes?

Answer 27

Striated muscle cells containing filaments of contractile proteins

Question 28

What do fibroblasts do?

Answer 28

Function is to maintain structure in homeostasis
Form scar tissue after injury

Question 29

Which two valves will oxygenated blood passes through on its way through to the heart?

Answer 29

Mitral and aortic valves

Question 30

What is transverse tubule

Answer 30

Extension of plasma membrane into cell permitting, fast transmission of action, potentials

Question 31

What is an ECG

Answer 31

A test to measure heart function and tells us about the cardiac cycle

Question 32

The conduction system

Answer 32

A network of nerve cell like cardio myocytes, which generates and propagate electrical impulses which serve to control heart contraction

Question 33

Why are cardiomyopathy sites connected by gap junctions?

Answer 33

To permit transmission of the electrical signals required to coordinate contraction

Question 34

Neural impulses order for regular heat rate

Answer 34

Heart rate controlled by cardiovascular system of hindbrain
Nerves connect the hindbrain to S A. Node.
Vagus nerve (Para, sympathetic) releases acetylcholine onto sa node
accelerans nerve (sympathetic) releases norepinephrine onto the SA node, which increases heart rate