Respiration Flashcards
Inhalation
Air Inhaled
Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract
Diaphragm contracts (moves down
As it moves down, it creates a negative pressure under the lungs this forces negative pressure to go into lungs making a rush to fill. Space
Exhalation
Air exhaled
Rib cage get smaller as rib muscles relax
Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Muscles of diaphragm relaxes, which allows it to fall back into place and elastic recoil drives air out of lungs
What is the role of turbinates in nasal cavities
Air conditioning
Filtration
Support of the olfactory system
Mucociliary escalator
The cilia are able to beat and carry the mucus towards the throat
The bronchus
Trachea divides into primary bronchi and each of those into secondary bronchi
Secondary bronchi supply a lobe of the lung
Bronchioles supply, alveoli ducts, and the supply the alveoli at the end of ducts
What differs from bronchi and bronchioles to trachea
There is less cartilage and more smooth muscle, so they have more muscular control
Alveoli and associated pulmonary capillaries
Lined with pulmonary surfactant
Surfactant lowers surface tension and allows the airways to open up
Alveoli macrophages = mobile cells, search for pathogens and ingested by phagocytosis
Gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
Gas defuses down a concentration gradient through the membrane
Oxygen is able to diffuse into the blood which is low in oxygen so goes down a concentration gradient
CO2 in the blood coming back from body can flow down a concentration gradient and into the alveoli air sacs to be breathed out
All the gas exchange takes place by passive diffusion down concentration, gradients
Role of pulmonary surfactant
Reduces surface tension
Air-water interface has high surface tension (strong force, trying to minimise surface area)
Can cause alveolar sacs to collapse
Red blood cells
Large surface area, so greater ability for oxygen to diffuse through a membrane and enter red blood cells and bind to haemoglobin
Haemoglobin
Made up of four subunits
It’s a tetramer = two alpha and two beta
Each subunits has a Haem group, and this binds the oxygen molecule
When one molecule of oxygen binds to one of the haem groups, it causes a confirmation of charge that is related to the other three groups to massively increased their affinity
Calculating partial pressure of a gas equation
(% atmosphere/100 ) x p atmospheric
Oxygen delivery system
When we exercise we need to increase the demand for O2 increases so cardiovascular system will increase, respiratory system will increase to ensure we breathe faster, heart goes faster to ensure we deliver sufficient oxygen to mitochondria
If there is a reduction in amount of air we breathe, this is compensated by increase in respiratory system and/or cardiovascular system
Oxygenation of haem
When are molecule of oxygen binds to the haem group, there is a change from the high spin deoxy state to the spin Oxy state
The Bohr effect
Assists in the building of 02 to Hb in the lungs and unloading of O2 in the tissues
An increase in blood CO2 or a decrease in pH causes O2 to bind Hb with less affinity
