The Heart Flashcards
In which part of the mediastinum is located the heart ?
In the middle mediastinum
Name on structure located in the superior mediastinum
The aortic arch
What is the basic function of the heart ?
Circulation pump to transport the blood around the body
Where is located the apex of the heart
Inferiorly, anteriorly, in the direction of the left hip
Located between 6th and 5th ribs
Apex forms an angle of 45° with the mid sternal line (horizontal)
Can you tell more about the heart’s location
In the inferior, middle mediastinum Behind the sternum On the diaphragm Extends obliquely From 2nd rib to 5th intercostal cartilage Apex to left hip Base to right shoulder
What marks the anatomical subdivision between inferior and superior vena cava ?
The border between superior and inferior mediastinum, delimited by sternal angle
What is the basic difference between veins and arteries ?
Veins are structures arriving to the heart
Arteries are structures arising from the heart
What are the basic and synthesized functions of each sides of the heart ?
Left side communicates the heart to systemic circulation
Right side communicates the body to pulmonary circulation
Which ventricule is bigger
The left ventricle is bigger and stronger and needs to generate more pressure
To which heart’s structures are veins linking ?
To the atriums
From which heart’s structure are arteries arising ?
Ventricules
Describe the circulation in the right side of the heart
Oxygen poor blood arrives from body to heart through superior vena cava —> right atrium —> tricuspid valve —> right ventricule —> pulmonary valve —> pulmonary artery —> lungs
Describe the circulation on the left side of the heart
Oxygen rich blood arrives from the lungs through pulmonary viens —> left atrium —> mitral valve —> left ventricle —> aortic valve —> aorta —> body
Which structures of the heart are most visible from an anterior view ?
The right ventricle and atrium
The pulmonary vein
The aortic arch
What is the base of the heart ?
The posterior surface
What structures of the heart can we observe from a posterior view ?
Right atrium Left atrium Left ventricule Inferior vena cava Superior vena cava Left pulmonary artery Right pulmonary artery Right pulmonary veins (2) Left pulmonary veins (2) Aortic arch
What is the name of blood vessels irrigating the heart ?
Coronary arteries arising from ascending aorta : —> right coronary artery —> right marginal artery —> left coronary artery —> left marginal artery —> left anterior descending artery
What are the anatomical subdivisions of the aorta
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
What veins irrigate the heart ?
- great cardiac vein
- small cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- left marginal vein
- left posterior ventricular vein
What is the basic role of cardiac valves ?
They regulate the passage of blood from one chamber to another
Prevent blood back flow (ensure that the blood flows in one direction)
Give the location, function and specificity of the tricuspid valve
Location :
Between right atrium and right ventricle
Function:
Prevents blood back flow from right ventricle to right atrium
Specificity :
Deoxygenated blood passes through
Composed of 3 cusps
Give the location, function and specificity of the mitral valve
Location :
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Function :
Prevents blood back flow from left ventricle to left atrium
Specificity :
Oxygenated blood flows through
Composed of 2 cusps
What are the 2 main types of valves ?
- atrioventricular :
Tricuspid (right side)
Mitral/ bicuspid (left side)
- semilunar : Pulmonary valve (right) Aortic valve (left)
What is a semi lunar valve ?
Cardiac valve composed of 3 cusps :
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary valve
- aortic valve
What happens to atrioventricular valves during systole ?
Tricuspid and mitral valves close during systole
What happens to semilunar valves during diastole
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve close during diastole
Give the location, function and specificity of the aortic valve
Location:
Between left ventricle and aorta
Function:
Prevents blood back flow into the left ventricle
Specificity :
Oxygenated blood flows through
Semi lunar (tricuspid)
Give the location, function and specificity of the pulmonary valve
Location :
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Function :
Prevents blood back flow in the right ventricle
Specificity :
Deoxygenated blood flows through
Tricuspid
What happens to the various valves during diastole and systole ?
Tricuspid valve and mitral valve open at the same time
-> while pulmonary valve and aortic valve are together closed
—> diastole
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve open at the same time
-> while tricuspid valve and mitral valve are closed
—> systole
Measuring heart pressure : 120/80 mmHg. Where is diastole ? Systole ?
Systole = 120 mmHg Diastole = 80mmHg
What is the relation between papillary muscles and atrioventricular valve activity ?
When papillary muscles relax, the valve opens
Give the structure of the heart wall
- fibrous pericardium
- parietal layer of pericardium
- pericardial cavity filled in with serous fluid
Then comes the heart wall proper : - epicardium (visceral layer of pericardium)
- myocardium
- endocardium
What are the 4 functions of the pericardium ?
- sets and holds the heart in the right place
- serous fluid will lubricate the cardiac movements
- protects the heart against infections
- prevents overfilling of the heart (extra support of the heart especially in diastolic phase)
Which structures are included in the pericardium ?
Fibrous layer
Double serous layer
Parietal layer
Which structures are included in the epicardium
Visceral layer of pericardium
Coronary Blood vessels
Which structures are included in the myocardium ?
Cardiac muscle fibers
Tunica media
Which structures compose the endocardium ?
Connective tissue / endothelium
Tunica intima
What is the name of the “wall between” the 2 sides of the heart ?
Interventricular septum
Which structure makes the link between the valve and its papillary muscles ?
The chordae tendinae (tendinous cord)
How many papillary muscles does the mitral valve have ?
It’s a bicuspid valve so it has 2 papillary muscles
How many papillary muscles do tricuspid valves have ?
3
Which types of muscles can be found in the heart ?
Myocardium
Trabeculae carnae in ventricles
Papillary muscles in ventricles
Pectinate muscles in atria
What is the muscular function of the myocardium ?
Pump the blood through the heart and out of the heart
What are the muscular functions of the trabeculae carnae, which muscle helps ?
Increase the muscular contraction, pectinate muscle is combined
What is the muscular function of the pectinate muscle of heart ? Which other muscle is combined ?
Increase muscular contraction of the heart, trabeculae carnae is combined in this purpose
What is the muscular function of the papillary muscles ?
Prevent the prolapse of the leaflets of the valves during ventricular contraction. They are linked to the valve through the chordae tendinae
What are the nerves transmitting inputs to the heart ?
Vagus nerve with its root the brain stem
Sympathetic cardiac nerve with its root in brain stem the spinal cord (T1 to T5)
How does the cardiac conduction system work ?
Through generation and generation of electrical signals (or action penitential)
Describe the steps of action potential conduction in the heart
- Sinoatrial node (natural pacemaker)
- Atrioventricular node
- atrioventricular bundle = bundle of His
- left and right bundle branches
- purkinje fibers
