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Organs Systems Anatomy > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

In which part of the mediastinum is located the heart ?

A

In the middle mediastinum

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2
Q

Name on structure located in the superior mediastinum

A

The aortic arch

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3
Q

What is the basic function of the heart ?

A

Circulation pump to transport the blood around the body

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4
Q

Where is located the apex of the heart

A

Inferiorly, anteriorly, in the direction of the left hip
Located between 6th and 5th ribs
Apex forms an angle of 45° with the mid sternal line (horizontal)

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5
Q

Can you tell more about the heart’s location

A 
In the inferior, middle mediastinum 
Behind the sternum 
On the diaphragm 
Extends obliquely From 2nd rib to 5th intercostal cartilage 
Apex to left hip 
Base to right shoulder
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6
Q

What marks the anatomical subdivision between inferior and superior vena cava ?

A

The border between superior and inferior mediastinum, delimited by sternal angle

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7
Q

What is the basic difference between veins and arteries ?

A

Veins are structures arriving to the heart

Arteries are structures arising from the heart

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8
Q

What are the basic and synthesized functions of each sides of the heart ?

A

Left side communicates the heart to systemic circulation

Right side communicates the body to pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

Which ventricule is bigger

A

The left ventricle is bigger and stronger and needs to generate more pressure

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10
Q

To which heart’s structures are veins linking ?

A

To the atriums

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11
Q

From which heart’s structure are arteries arising ?

A

Ventricules

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12
Q

Describe the circulation in the right side of the heart

A 
Oxygen poor blood arrives from body to heart through superior vena cava 
—> right atrium
—> tricuspid valve 
—> right ventricule 
—> pulmonary valve 
—> pulmonary artery
—> lungs
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13
Q

Describe the circulation on the left side of the heart

A 
Oxygen rich blood arrives from the lungs through pulmonary viens 
—> left atrium
—> mitral valve 
—> left ventricle 
—> aortic valve 
—> aorta
—> body
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14
Q

Which structures of the heart are most visible from an anterior view ?

A

The right ventricle and atrium
The pulmonary vein
The aortic arch

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15
Q

What is the base of the heart ?

A

The posterior surface

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16
Q

What structures of the heart can we observe from a posterior view ?

A 
Right atrium 
Left atrium 
Left ventricule 
Inferior vena cava 
Superior vena cava 
Left pulmonary artery 
Right pulmonary artery 
Right pulmonary veins (2) 
Left pulmonary veins (2)
Aortic arch
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17
Q

What is the name of blood vessels irrigating the heart ?

A 
Coronary arteries arising from ascending aorta :
—> right coronary artery 
—> right marginal artery 
—> left coronary artery 
—> left marginal artery 
—> left anterior descending artery
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18
Q

What are the anatomical subdivisions of the aorta

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • thoracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta
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19
Q

What veins irrigate the heart ?

A
  • great cardiac vein
  • small cardiac vein
  • middle cardiac vein
  • left marginal vein
  • left posterior ventricular vein
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20
Q

What is the basic role of cardiac valves ?

A

They regulate the passage of blood from one chamber to another
Prevent blood back flow (ensure that the blood flows in one direction)

21
Q

Give the location, function and specificity of the tricuspid valve

A

Location :
Between right atrium and right ventricle

Function:
Prevents blood back flow from right ventricle to right atrium

Specificity :
Deoxygenated blood passes through
Composed of 3 cusps

22
Q

Give the location, function and specificity of the mitral valve

A

Location :
Between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Function :
Prevents blood back flow from left ventricle to left atrium

Specificity :
Oxygenated blood flows through
Composed of 2 cusps

23
Q

What are the 2 main types of valves ?

A
  • atrioventricular :
    Tricuspid (right side)
    Mitral/ bicuspid (left side)
- semilunar : 
Pulmonary valve (right)
Aortic valve (left)
24
Q

What is a semi lunar valve ?

A

Cardiac valve composed of 3 cusps :

  • tricuspid valve
  • pulmonary valve
  • aortic valve
25
Q

What happens to atrioventricular valves during systole ?

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves close during systole

26
Q

What happens to semilunar valves during diastole

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve close during diastole

27
Q

Give the location, function and specificity of the aortic valve

A

Location:
Between left ventricle and aorta

Function:
Prevents blood back flow into the left ventricle

Specificity :
Oxygenated blood flows through
Semi lunar (tricuspid)

28
Q

Give the location, function and specificity of the pulmonary valve

A

Location :
Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Function :
Prevents blood back flow in the right ventricle

Specificity :
Deoxygenated blood flows through
Tricuspid

29
Q

What happens to the various valves during diastole and systole ?

A

Tricuspid valve and mitral valve open at the same time
-> while pulmonary valve and aortic valve are together closed
—> diastole

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve open at the same time
-> while tricuspid valve and mitral valve are closed
—> systole

30
Q

Measuring heart pressure : 120/80 mmHg. Where is diastole ? Systole ?

A 
Systole = 120 mmHg 
Diastole = 80mmHg
31
Q

What is the relation between papillary muscles and atrioventricular valve activity ?

A

When papillary muscles relax, the valve opens

32
Q

Give the structure of the heart wall

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • parietal layer of pericardium
  • pericardial cavity filled in with serous fluid
    Then comes the heart wall proper :
  • epicardium (visceral layer of pericardium)
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
33
Q

What are the 4 functions of the pericardium ?

A
  • sets and holds the heart in the right place
  • serous fluid will lubricate the cardiac movements
  • protects the heart against infections
  • prevents overfilling of the heart (extra support of the heart especially in diastolic phase)
34
Q

Which structures are included in the pericardium ?

A

Fibrous layer
Double serous layer
Parietal layer

35
Q

Which structures are included in the epicardium

A

Visceral layer of pericardium

Coronary Blood vessels

36
Q

Which structures are included in the myocardium ?

A

Cardiac muscle fibers

Tunica media

37
Q

Which structures compose the endocardium ?

A

Connective tissue / endothelium

Tunica intima

38
Q

What is the name of the “wall between” the 2 sides of the heart ?

A

Interventricular septum

39
Q

Which structure makes the link between the valve and its papillary muscles ?

A

The chordae tendinae (tendinous cord)

40
Q

How many papillary muscles does the mitral valve have ?

A

It’s a bicuspid valve so it has 2 papillary muscles

41
Q

How many papillary muscles do tricuspid valves have ?

A

3

42
Q

Which types of muscles can be found in the heart ?

A

Myocardium
Trabeculae carnae in ventricles
Papillary muscles in ventricles
Pectinate muscles in atria

43
Q

What is the muscular function of the myocardium ?

A

Pump the blood through the heart and out of the heart

44
Q

What are the muscular functions of the trabeculae carnae, which muscle helps ?

A

Increase the muscular contraction, pectinate muscle is combined

45
Q

What is the muscular function of the pectinate muscle of heart ? Which other muscle is combined ?

A

Increase muscular contraction of the heart, trabeculae carnae is combined in this purpose

46
Q

What is the muscular function of the papillary muscles ?

A

Prevent the prolapse of the leaflets of the valves during ventricular contraction. They are linked to the valve through the chordae tendinae

47
Q

What are the nerves transmitting inputs to the heart ?

A

Vagus nerve with its root the brain stem

Sympathetic cardiac nerve with its root in brain stem the spinal cord (T1 to T5)

48
Q

How does the cardiac conduction system work ?

A

Through generation and generation of electrical signals (or action penitential)

49
Q

Describe the steps of action potential conduction in the heart

A
  • Sinoatrial node (natural pacemaker)
  • Atrioventricular node
  • atrioventricular bundle = bundle of His
  • left and right bundle branches
  • purkinje fibers

Organs Systems Anatomy (13 decks)

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