The Digestive System Anatomy Flashcards
List the 9 abdominal regions from superior right side to center
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- left lumbar region
- left iliac region
- hypogastric region
- right iliac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
What are the organs and structures associated with the right hypochondrium ?
- liver
- gallbladder
- (kidney) and adrenal gland
What are the organs and structures associated with the epigastrium ?
- liver
- transverse colon
- abdominal aorta
- inferior veina cava
Which organs and structures are associated with the left hypochondrium ?
- stomach
- spleen
- (kidney) and adrenal gland
- splenic flexure of the colon
Which organs and structures are associated to the left lumbar region ?
- kidney
- descending colon
- pancreas
- small intestine
Which organs and structures are associated to the left iliac region ?
- sigmoid colon
- small intestine
Which organs and structures are associate do the hypogastric region ?
- distancible organs of pelvis
- small intestine
- iliac vessels
- spermatic cords
Which organs and structures are associated with the right iliac region ?
Cæcum
Appendix
Small intestine
Which organs and structures are associated with the right lumbar region ?
- kidney
- ascending colon
- small intestine
Which organs and structures are associated with the umbilical region ?
- transverse colon
- duodenum and pancreas
- small intestine
- abdominal aorta
- inferior veina cava
- iliac vessels
List the 4 abdominal quadrants
Right upper
Left upper
Left lower
Right lower
Which organs and structures are associated with the right upper quadrant ?
- liver
- gallbladder
- hepatic flexure of the colon
- transverse colon
- kidney and adrenal gland
- duodenum
- head of pancreas
- small intestine
Which organs and structures are associated with the left upper quadrant ?
- stomach
- spleen
- pancreas
- kidney and adrenal gland
- splenic flexure of the colon
- transverse colon
- jejunum
What are the organs and structures associated with the lower left quadrant ?
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- small intestine
Which organs and structures are associated with right lower quadrant ?
- appendix
- cæcum
- ascending colon
- small intestine
What are the 2 main groups of the digestive system organs ?
- alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)
- accessory digestive organs
Describe the gastrointestinal tract
- continuous muscular digestive tube that winds through the body
- digests food, breaks it in smaller fragments and absorbs the digested fragments through its lining into the blood
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine
Describe the accessory digestive organs
The food doens’t go through them :
- teeth
- tongue
- gallbladder
- salivary glands
- liver
- pancreas
Describe the mouth and its function
Also called oral/buccal cavity
Only part of the gastrointestinal tract involved in natural ingestion
It begins the propulsive process of swallowing
The oral cavity is continuous (posteriorly) with the oropharynx
Describe the palate
Form the roof of the mouth
Anterior part : hard palate
Posterior part : soft palate
What is the function of the hard palate ?
Forms a rigid surface against which the tongue forces food during chewing.
What is the role of the soft palate ?
Mobile fold, formed mostly by skeletal muscles, that rises reflexively (the uvula) to close off the nasopharynx when we swallow.
Describe the tongue
- occupies the floor of the mouth and fills most of the oral cavity when the mouth is closed
- composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscles fibers : intrinsic muscles confined in the tongue and not attached to a bone and extrinsic muscles which extend to the tongue from their point of origin.
What is the function of the tongue ?
To grip the food and constantly reposition it between the teeth during chewing.
What structures secrete saliva ?
Salivary glands
What is the role of saliva
Composed of a cleaning enzyme it :
- cleans the mouth
- dissolves food chemicals
- moistens food and helps compacting it into a bonus
- contains enzymes that begin the chemical break down of starchy food
Define mastication
Opening and closing our jaws and moving them from side to side while continually using our tongue to move and keep the food between our teeth
What is the function of the teeth ?
They tear and grind the food, breaking it down into smaller fragments
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx ?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
What is the role of the pharynx
Common passage for food, fluids and air
What are the 3 serous sacs located above the diaphragm ?
- the pericardial sac maintaining the heart
- the 2 pleural sacs containing the lungs
Define the peritoneum
The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity and lies on abdominal and pelvic organs and produce serous / peritoneal fluid
Describe the peritoneal cavity
Between the two peritoneal layers called parietal and visceral peritoneum.
Also greater peritoneal sac + lesser peritoneal sac = peritoneal cavity
It’s filled with peritoneal fluid
Define the parietal peritoneum
Portion of serous sac in contact with a domino pelvic wall
Define visceral peritoneum
Lines intra abdominal organs in intraperitoneal space = serosa .
Invaginates to cover the majority of abdominal visera
Define the mesentery (peritoneum)
Parietal peritoneum reflects off posterior abdominal wall as a double membrane. It forms a double layer of peritoneum wrapping around some abdominal organs. It transports vessels and nerves of these invaginated organs.
Mesentery of the small intestine is called the mesentery. We also say transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon, mesoappendix.
Define the lesser omentum (peritoneal sac)
Double layer of peritoneum which attaches to the stomach, duodenum and liver.
It has 2 parts, the hepatoduodenal part and the hepatogastric part.
The hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal triad : hepatic arteries, bile ducts and hepatic portal veins.
It can also be divided in superior recess bordered by the diaphragm and the coronary ligament of the liver and inferior recess found between the folding layers of the greater omentum.
What is the role of the lesser omentum (of peritoneum)
It makes space for the stomach movements and distention after food absorption.
Define the greater peritoneal sac
Contains 2 compartments : supra colic and infra colic divided by the transverse mesocolon. The supra colic compartment contains : The stomach The liver The spleen
The infra colic compartment contains :
The small intestine
The ascending colon
The descending colon
Both compartments are connected by the parabolic gutters
What is an omenta (peritoneum)
Sheets of visceral peritoneum which have fused
Extends from stomach and duodenum to other organs
Define the greater omentum (peritoneum)
It’s an apron like fold of peritoneum
It descends from the greater curvature of the stomach and posterior part of the duodenum and attaches to the anterior surface of the transverse colon.
Define the lesser omentum (peritoneum)
Double layer of peritoneum that attaches from the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum to the liver.
What is the epiploic foremen of Winslow ?
It’s the communication between the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs.
Inferior border : superior part of the duodenum
Superior border : caudate lobe of the liver
Anterior : hepatoduodenal ligament
Posterior : inferior vena cava and the right crus of the diaphragm
What is an intreperitoneal organ ?
An organ located inside the peritoneum when :
The organ resides within the peritoneal cavity
The organ is suspended by the mesentery
List the intraperitoenal organs
SALTD SPRSS Stomach Appendix Liver Transverse colon Duodenum (first part)
Small intestine (jejunum and ilium) Pancreas (tail) Rectum (upper third) Spleen Sigmoid colon
+ gallbladder